Gobi noma: sabon tsarin noma wanda ke kara kuzari da amfanin ruwa.

Jianming Xi^1,2 & Jihua Yu^1,2 & Baihong Chen^1,2 & Zhi Feng^1,2 & Jian Lyu^1,2 & Linli Hu^1,2 & Yantai Gan3
Kadambot HM Siddique⁴

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1. Lardin Gansu Key Laboratory of Aidland Crop Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

2. College of Horticulture University, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

3. Aikin Noma da Agri-Abinci Kanada, Cibiyar Bincike da Ci gaba na yanzu, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Kanada

4. Cibiyar Aikin Noma ta UWA da Makarantar Noma & Muhalli, Jami'ar Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia

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Abstract

A yankuna/kasashe masu yawan jama'a da ke da saurin bunkasuwar tattalin arziki, irin su Afirka, Sin, da Indiya, filayen noma na raguwa cikin sauri saboda gine-ginen birane da sauran abubuwan da ake amfani da su na masana'antu. Wannan yana haifar da ƙalubalen da ba a taɓa gani ba don samar da isasshen abinci don gamsar da ƙarin buƙatun abinci. Shin za a iya samar da miliyoyin kadada irin na hamada, wadanda ba za a iya nomawa ba don noman abinci? Shin za a iya amfani da wadataccen makamashin hasken rana don samar da amfanin gona a wuraren da ake sarrafa su, kamar wuraren da ake amfani da hasken rana? Anan, mun sake nazarin tsarin noma na zamani, wato "Gobi noma." Mun gano cewa sabon tsarin noma na Gobi yana da siffofi guda shida na musamman: (i) yana amfani da albarkatun kasa kamar hamada tare da makamashin hasken rana a matsayin tushen makamashi daya tilo don samar da sabbin 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari a duk shekara, sabanin samar da greenhouse na gargajiya inda ake bukatar makamashi. gamsu ta hanyar ƙona mai ko amfani da wutar lantarki; (ii) gungun rukunonin noma ana yin su ta amfani da kayan da ake da su a cikin gida kamar ƙasa yumbu don bangon arewa na wuraren; (iii) Yawan amfanin ƙasa (sabon kayan amfanin ƙasa kowace ƙasa a kowace shekara) shine 10-Sau 27 mafi girma kuma amfanin ruwan amfanin gona yadda ya dace 20-Sau 35 mafi girma fiye da na gargajiya bude filin, tsarin noman ban ruwa; (iv) Ana ba da sinadarai masu gina jiki ta hanyar samar da kayan amfanin gona na gida, wanda ke rage amfani da takin gargajiya na roba wajen samar da amfanin gona; (v) Kayayyakin suna da ƙarancin sawun muhalli fiye da noman buɗe ido saboda makamashin hasken rana a matsayin tushen makamashi kawai da yawan amfanin gona a kowace raka'a na shigarwa; da (vi) yana samar da ayyukan yi a karkara, wanda ke inganta zaman lafiyar al’ummar karkara. Yayin da aka bayyana wannan tsarin a matsayin a "Gobi-land abin al'ajabi" don ci gaban zamantakewar al'umma, ana buƙatar magance ƙalubale da yawa, kamar matsalolin ruwa, amincin samfur, da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli. Muna ba da shawarar cewa an samar da manufofin da suka dace don tabbatar da cewa tsarin yana haɓaka samar da abinci da haɓaka tattalin arziƙin karkara tare da kare yanayin muhalli mara ƙarfi.

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Gabatarwa

Ƙasar Arable don noma iyakacin albarkatu ne (Liu et al. 2017). A cikin ƙasashe masu saurin ci gaban tattalin arziki, irin su China, Indiya, da Afirka, an mai da ƙasar noma da yawa zuwa amfani da masana'antu (Cakir et al. 2008; Xu et al. 2000). Saboda saurin bunƙasa birane da ke fafatawa a fagen noma (Zhang et al. 2016; Mueller et al. 2012), akwai ƙalubalen da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba don haɓaka noman amfanin gona don biyan buƙatun abinci da abubuwan da ake so na yawan jama'ar ɗan adam (Godfray et al. 2010). Mai yiyuwa ne kasashen da suka ci gaba da ke da manyan filayen noma, irin su Ostiraliya, Kanada, da Amurka, za su iya mayar da yankunan ciyayi zuwa filayen noma don kasuwannin hatsi na duniya. Koyaya, yin hakan na iya haɓaka asarar ajiyar carbon kuma yana da tasiri, mummunan tasiri akan muhalli (Godfray). 2011).

A cikin miyagu da ƙazamin yanayi da yawa, akwai wurare masu yawa "Gobi land" (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin ƙasar da ba za a iya nomawa ba), gami da hekta miliyan 1.95 na ƙasa irin na hamada a larduna shida na arewa maso yammacin China (Liu et al. 2010). Kasar Sin tana kokarin bunkasa wannan kasa ta Gobi don samar da abinci ta hanyar amfani da sabon tsarin noman noman, wanda ake kira "Gobi noma." Mun ayyana wannan tsarin noman a matsayin "Tsarin noma tare da gungu na ginin gida, mai amfani da hasken rana mai amfani da robobi-kamar raka'o'in noma don samar da kayan amfanin gona masu girma, masu inganci (kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan ado) cikin inganci, inganci da tattalin arziki." (Xie et al. 2017). A cikin wasu nagartattun tsarin tari, ana iya lura da yanayin yanayi a cikin raka'a ɗaya ta amfani da masu tattara bayanai. Ba kamar na al'ada greenhouses ko gilasai inda dumama da sanyaya (manyan farashin biyu da hannu a cikin greenhouse samar) yawanci ana bayar da su ta hanyar ƙona burbushin man fetur (dizal, man fetur, ruwa mai, gas) da ƙara CO.₂ hayaki, ko yin amfani da dumama wutar lantarki da ke cin ƙarin kuzari (Hassanien et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2017), "Gobi noma" Tsarika sun dogara kacokan akan makamashin hasken rana don dumama, sanyaya, da juyar da makamashin halitta zuwa kwayoyin halitta.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yin amfani da filin Gobi don samar da abinci yana karuwa cikin sauri a kasar Sin (Zhang et al. 2015). A yankunan arewa maso yamma, tsarin noman gonakin Gobi na samar da kaso mai yawa na kayan lambu da ake ci a yankin. Wannan tsarin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da wadatar abinci, da haɓaka dorewar zamantakewar al'umma, da haɓaka rayuwar al'ummar karkara. Mutane da yawa suna la'akari da wannan aikin gona na Gobi ƙasar a "sabuwar ƙasa" tsarin noma. Muhimmin fasalin tsarin shine damar samar da abinci a kan ƙasa sau ɗaya mara amfani. Wannan sabon tsarin noman na iya zama wani mataki na juyin juya hali ga noman zamani. Duk da haka, akwai karancin bayanai game da ci gaban kimiyya na tsarin noman Gobi-land. Tambayoyi da yawa sun kasance ba a amsa ba: Shin wannan tsarin zai ci gaba da wanzuwa zuwa babbar masana'antar samar da kayan lambu? Ta yaya tsarin noman filaye na Gobi zai yi tasiri ga muhalli a cikin dogon lokaci? Can wannan "sanya-in-China" Samfurin noma ya shafi sauran yankuna masu busasshiyar ƙasa tare da raguwar wuraren noma, kamar arewacin Kazakhstan (Kraemer et al. 2015Siberiya (Halicki da Kulizhsky 2015), da kuma tsakiyar yankunan arewacin Afirka (de Grassi da Salah Ovadia 2017)?

Tare da waɗannan tambayoyin a zuciya, mun gudanar da cikakken nazarin wallafe-wallafe game da abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan da kuma mahimman binciken bincike game da tsarin noma. Makasudin wannan takarda su ne (i) bayyana ci gaban kimiyya na tsarin noman Gobi-land da aka samu a arewacin kasar Sin, wadanda suka hada da yawan amfanin gona, ingancin amfani da ruwa (WUE), halaye na amfani da abinci mai gina jiki da makamashi, da yuwuwar tasirin muhalli da muhalli; (ii) tattauna manyan matsalolin da tsarin ke fuskanta, kamar samar da ruwa don ban ruwa, inganci da amincin amfanin gona, da kuma tasirin da zai iya haifar da kwanciyar hankali da ci gaban al'ummar karkara; da (iii) ba da shawarwari game da tsara manufofi da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da bincike don bincike mai kyau da kuma ci gaba mai dorewa na tsarin noman ƙasa na Gobi.

Takaitaccen bita kan ababen more rayuwa na tsarin filayen Gobi

Don fahimtar yadda tsarin noman filaye na Gobi ke aiki, mun ba da taƙaitaccen bayanin ƙira, injiniyanci, da gine-gine. Ƙarin daki-daki kan ababen more rayuwa yana cikin bita na baya-bayan nan (Xie et al. 2017). An kafa tsarin noman filaye na Gobi ne a kan gonakin Gobi da ba a noma ba inda amfanin gona na gargajiya ba zai yiwu ba. An gina wuraren filin Gobi a ciki "gungu" na ɗayan sassan samarwa. Kayan aiki na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi da yawa (har zuwa ɗaruruwa) rukunin noma ko gidaje (Fig. 1a). Ana kula da yanayin microclimatic a cikin kowane rukunin noma ta cibiyar kulawa ta tsakiya inda firikwensin nesa,

Nau'in noma na yau da kullun a cikin rukunin kayan aiki yana fuskantar gabas-yamma kuma yana da bango uku a arewa, gabas, da yamma na tsarin. Gefen kudu na tsarin rufin ne mai karkatar da goyan bayan firam ɗin ƙarfe kuma an rufe shi da fim ɗin filastik mai zafi (Fig. 2). An karkatar da rufin yadda ya kamata don tabbatar da ingantaccen isar da haske yayin rana (Zhang et al. 2014). Ana adana makamashi daga rana a cikin yawan zafin jiki na ganuwar kuma an sake shi azaman zafi da dare. A lokacin hunturu, rufin yana rufe da tatsuniyoyi na gida a kowane dare don kula da zafin jiki na ciki (Tong et al. 2013).

 

Muhimmin sashi na kowane rukunin noma shine bangon arewa wanda aka gina daga kayan da ake samu a cikin gida kamar tubalin yumbu (Wang et al. 2014), Tushen bambaro (Zhang et al. 2017), tubalin gama gari tare da styrofoam (Xu et al. 2013), rukunin masonry na tashi ash (Xu et al. 2013, tubalan yumbu gauraye da turmi siminti (Chen et al. 2012), rammed duniya (Guan et al. 2013), ko ɗanyen ƙasa da aka haɗa tare da tubalan kankare. A wasu raka'a, an gina bangon arewa daga "abu mai canzawa lokaci" don haɓaka ajiyar zafi da musayar, kuma, saboda haka, rage yawan canjin zafin jiki don haɓaka shuka (Guan et al. 2012).

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin filayen Gobi mai tarin yawa da wuraren zama na gargajiya ko gidajen gilashin shine tushen wutar lantarki. Kowace rukunin noma a cikin tsarin ƙasan Gobi mai tarin yawa ana amfani dashi gaba ɗaya ta hanyar hasken rana. Radiyoyin hasken rana yana shiga bangon arewa da rana kuma yana fitowa da daddare. Ƙarfin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba yayin rana shine tushen makamashi mai aiki da dare. A "labulen ruwa" Ana amfani da tsarin yawanci don samar da ƙarin zafi a cikin dare na hunturu, inda ƙaramin yanki na ƙasa a cikin naúrar ya cika da ruwa don amfani dashi azaman kafofin watsa labarai na musayar zafi (Xie et al. 2017). A cikin rana, ruwa yana yawo kuma yana wucewa ta cikin labule masu shayar da ruwa, tare da matsanancin zafi daga hasken rana da aka adana a cikin ruwa; da daddare, ruwan dumi yana zagayawa ya wuce ta labulen ruwa tare da sakin zafi zuwa iska a cikin naúrar. Tasirin ajiyar makamashi a cikin "labulen ruwa" Tsarin ya dogara da dalilai da yawa, kamar hasken rana kai tsaye, hasken rana isotropic yaduwa daga sama, bayyananniyar yanayi, da watsa zafi daga fim ɗin filastik akan rufin (Han et al. 2014). Tare da juyin halittar tsarin noma, ana haɓaka ƙarin tsarin dumama na yau da kullun don ingantaccen adana zafi da saki.

Ci gaban kimiyyar tsarin noman kasa Gobi

Tsarin noman filaye na Gobi ya sha banban da yadda ake noman gonakin budaddiyar gonakin gargajiya inda ake noman damina ko ban ruwa. Har ila yau, sun bambanta da noman amfanin gona a gidajen lambuna na gargajiya ko gidajen gilasai inda galibi ake samar da makamashi ta hanyar iskar gas ko wutar lantarki. Tsarin noman filaye na Gobi yana da fasali na musamman, wasu daga cikinsu an bayyana su a ƙasa.

Ƙara yawan amfanin gona

Noman amfanin gona da ake nomawa a filayen Gobi suna da amfani sosai tare da ingantaccen amfani da ƙasa (watau yawan amfanin gona a kowace raka'ar ƙasar da aka yi amfani da su) fiye da noman fili na gargajiya. Alal misali, yankin gabas na Hexi Corridor a arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin yana da dogon lokaci (1960).-2009) tsawon lokacin rana na shekara-shekara na 2945 h, matsakaicin matsakaicin iska na shekara-shekara 7.2 °C, da lokacin sanyi na kwanaki 155 (Chai et al. 2014c); Rukunin zafin rana sun fi isa samar da amfanin gona guda ɗaya a kowace shekara amma ba su isa su samar da amfanin gona biyu a kowace shekara a ƙarƙashin tsarin bude filayen gargajiya na gargajiya. A tsarin Gobi-land, ana iya noman amfanin gona a mafi yawan watanni ko ma duk shekara. Matsakaicin amfanin gona na shekara-shekara sama da shekaru 5 (2012-2016) a cikin sassan noma a tashar gwaji ta Jiuquan sun kasance 34 t ha^-1 don muskmelon (melon kokwamba L.), 66t ha^-1 ga kankana (Citrullus lafiya L.), 102t ha ¹ ga barkono mai zafi (Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens), 168t ha ¹ don kokwamba (Cucumis sativus L.), da 177 t ha ¹ ga tumatir (Solanum yana da girma L.), su ne 10-Sau 27 sama da waɗanda ke cikin tsarin buɗe filayen gargajiya a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi iri ɗaya (Xie et al. 2017). An sami irin wannan sakamakon a wasu wurare a arewacin kasar Sin, kamar gundumar Wuwei da ke karshen gabashin kasar

Hexi Corridor. An ƙididdige waɗannan ƙimar amfanin ƙasa akan yankin ƙasar da rukunin noman ke mamaye, da kuma wuraren gama-gari waɗanda ƙungiyoyin ɗaiɗai suka raba tsakanin tsarin sarrafawa iri ɗaya. Wuraren gama gari sune don jigilar kayan shigar da tallace-tallacen samfur.

Inganta ingancin amfani da ruwa

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubale ga aikin noma a yawancin ɓangarorin da ke fama da ƙazamin ƙazamin ruwa shi ne ƙarancin ruwa. Ajiye ruwa ko inganta WUE (yawan amfanin gona a kowace raka'a ruwa da aka kawo, wanda aka bayyana azaman kg ha^-1 bada m^-3 ruwa) a cikin samar da amfanin gona yana da mahimmanci don dorewar noma. Tsarin noman filaye na Gobi yana ba da fa'ida mai mahimmanci na ceton ruwa, inda amfanin gona ke amfani da ruwa da yawa fiye da amfanin gona iri ɗaya da ake nomawa a tsarin fage na gargajiya. Misali, sama da shekaru 4 (2012-2015) na ma'auni a cikin tsarin ginin ƙasa na Gobi a cikin gundumar Jiuquan, tumatir yana buƙatar 385-466 mm jimlar ban ruwa, ƙawancen yanayi na yanayi ya bambanta daga 350 zuwa 428 mm, da kuma nauyin tumatir sabo ne daga 86 zuwa 152 t ha^-1. Wasu manyan amfanin gonakin kayan lambu sun sami babban WUE (kg sabo-sabo m^-3), ciki har da 15-Ruwa 21 na muskmelon, 17-23 don barkono mai zafi, 22-28 na kankana, 2835 na cucumber, da 35-51 kg na tumatir. A cikin wannan tsarin, WUE na tumatir, alal misali, ya kasance 20-Sau 35 mafi girma fiye da amfanin gona iri ɗaya da aka girma a ƙasar noma, tsarin fili (Xie et al. 2017).

Ba a fahimci tsarin inganta WUE a tsarin Gobi ba. Muna ba da shawarar cewa manyan abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da masu zuwa: (a) adadin ban ruwa da ake amfani da shi ga amfanin gona a tsarin ƙasar Gobi ya dogara ne akan buƙatun shuka don ingantaccen girma (Liang et al. 2014) wanda aka ƙaddara kuma ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar mitar ruwa da aka shigar (Fig. 3a). Ya danganta da afaretan naúrar's ilimi da gogewa, ana yin amfani da hanyar ban ruwa da aka kayyade (Fig. 3b) wanda ke rage adadin ban ruwa a cikin matakan haɓaka marasa mahimmanci (Chai et al. 2014b). Rarraba rashi mai sauƙi na iya haɓaka tsarin tsaro na shuka don haɓaka juriya ga damuwa na fari (Romero da Martinez-Cutillas 2012; Wang et al. 2012). Girman tasirin ƙarancin ban ruwa da aka tsara akan aikin amfanin gona ya bambanta da nau'in amfanin gona da sauran dalilai (Chen et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2010); (b) Dabarun ban ruwa a tsarin noman filaye na Gobi suna ci gaba da inganta, kamar ɗigon ruwa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa (Fig. 3c) yanzu shine mafi mashahuri hanyar ban ruwa; (c) Ana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na mulching don rage ƙawancen saman ƙasa. Yankin dasawa a cikin sashin noma yawanci ana rufe shi da fim ɗin filastik yayin lokacin girma (Fig. 3d), gami da wuraren da ke tsakanin layuka na shuka (Fig. 3e). Rage evaporation da ƙara dankon iska mai yuwuwa sune mahimman abubuwa biyu mafi mahimmanci a cikin ingantaccen amfani da ruwa; (d) Ana sake yin amfani da wani kaso na ruwa da aka ƙafe daga saman ƙasa a cikin sashin noman saboda noman yana cikin tsarin da ke rufe; da (e) ana amfani da nagartattun ayyukan noma don sarrafa amfanin gona a sashin noma (Fig. 3f), kamar rassan yankan don haɓaka shigar haske (Du et al. 2016), inganta samun iska don daidaita CO₂ don photosynthesis shuka da cututtukan cututtuka (Yang et al. 2017(Li et al. 2016); duk suna taimakawa wajen haɓaka yawan amfanin gona da haɓaka WUE.

 

Ingantaccen ingantaccen amfani da abinci mai gina jiki

Ba kamar yadda ake noman fili na gargajiya ba inda takin roba ke zama babban tushen sinadirai na shuka, kayan halitta-kamar bambaro, takin dabbobi da abubuwan da ake samu daga masana'antar abinci, hanyoyin samar da makamashi, da sake amfani da sharar ɗan adam.-shine babban tushen gina jiki a tsarin noman kasa Gobi. Abubuwan sharar gida suna wakiltar madadin kafofin watsa labaru na kasuwanci da ake amfani da su wajen samar da greenhouse na al'ada. Don cancanta a matsayin ƙasa don noman ƙasa na Gobi, kayan halitta dole ne su sami halaye masu zuwa (Fu et al. 2018; Fu da Liu 2016; Fu et al. 2017; Ling et al. 2015; Song et al. 2013): (i) ƙananan ƙarancin girma, babban porosity, da babban ƙarfin riƙe ruwa; (ii) babban ƙarfin musayar cation da abun ciki na ma'adinai, da pH da EC da suka dace; (iii) ingantattun ayyukan enzyme, yawanci ana cika su ta hanyar ƙara daidaitattun ƙwayoyin cuta; (iv) jinkirin rage raguwa; da (v) zama 'yanci daga iri iri da cututtukan da ke haifar da ƙasa. Nau'in kayan, hanyar sarrafawa, digiri na lalacewa, da yanayin yanayin da aka samar da kayan aikin na iya yin tasiri na zahiri, sinadarai, da kaddarorin halittu na kwayoyin halitta kuma, don haka, ingancin substrate (Fu et al. 2017; Song et al. 2013).

Samar da kayan aikin gida na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi matakai da yawa (Fig. 4a): (i) ana tattara bambaro (kamar masara) daga tsarin noman fili na gargajiya a ƙauyuka, a kai shi wani wuri kusa da wurin, a yanka shi zuwa 3.-5 cm tsayi, kafin ƙara ƙaramin adadin takin nitrogen (1.4 kg N a kowace kilogiram 1000 na busassun bambaro) don daidaita ma'aunin C: N na takin zuwa kusan 15: 1; (ii) kusan kilogiram 1 na samfurin inoculation microorganism a kowace kilogiram 1000 na kayan halitta an ƙara; (iii) mataki na 1 na fermentation ya haɗa da tara bambaro a ƙasa (misali, 1.2 m tsawo x 3.0 m fadi a kasa da 2.0 m fadi a saman) kafin a nannade da fim din filastik; (iv) Ana lura da yanayin zafi a cikin tari kuma ana ƙara ruwa don kula da abun ciki a 60-65% don mafi kyawun aikin microorganism; (v) Mataki na biyu na fermentation yana buƙatar damuwa da tarin kowane 6Kwanaki 8 da duba zafin jiki a saman 30 cm. Wannan tashin hankali na lokaci-lokaci yana tabbatar da cewa ana kiyaye zafin jiki da danshi a matakin da ya dace don ayyukan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta; da (vi) kusan ranar 32-34 bayan fermentation, ana matsar da kayan zuwa wurin ajiyar kayan da aka shirya don amfani a cikin kayan aikin. Ana amfani da substrate na gida yawanci a 2-3t ha ¹ zuwa wuraren noma a cikin sashin noma kuma ana iya amfani da shi na wasu shekaru a cikin noma kafin a maye gurbinsu. Ana iya mayar da abun ciki na sinadarai na kayan abinci zuwa matakin samarwa ta hanyar ƙara abubuwan gina jiki da aka fitar (Fig. 4b). Kayan bambaro don ma'aunin halitta yana samuwa a cikin gida, kuma yawancin matakan masana'anta suna amfani da injunan da aka gina a cikin gida.

Yadda ake ba da kayan abinci mai gina jiki ga amfanin gona ya bambanta tsakanin wuraren tari. Yawancin manoma a arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin suna amfani da ko dai (1) tsarin ramuka, inda ramuka (yawanci 0.4)-0.6 m fadi, 0.2-0.3 m zurfi, tare da 0.8-1.0 m tsakanin ramuka masu daidaitawa a arewa-gefen kudu) ana yin su a ƙasa a cikin sashin noma, an yi shi da kankare, tubalan katako ko tubalin, cike da substrate kafin dasa shuki (Fig. 5a), kuma an rufe shi da fim ɗin filastik don seedlings suyi girma ta hanyar (Fig. 5b). Da zarar an gina, za a iya amfani da ramuka don ci gaba da samarwa fiye da shekaru 20; ko (2) juzu'i na jakar jaka, inda aka nannade madaidaicin a cikin jakunkuna na filastik guda ɗaya (yawan girman jaka shine diamita 0.5 m da tsayin 1.0 m) a cikin ƙaramin mahalli mai rufaffiyar. Ana fitar da abubuwan gina jiki daga jakunkuna yayin da tsire-tsire ke haɓaka (Fig. 5c). Ana yin ramuka a saman jakunkuna don shuka iri (Fig. 5d) da drip ban ruwa ta cikin ramukan.

Hanyoyi biyu sun bambanta a cikin fasalinsu. Hanyar mahara tana ba masu noman damar ƙara taki cikin sauƙi a cikin abubuwan da ake buƙata. Ga wasu amfanin gona, irin su kankana, ƙara takin da ba a haɗa su ba ya zama dole don tabbatar da yawan aiki. Wasu nazarin sun nuna cewa yin amfani da takin gargajiya tare da takin gargajiya na iya ƙara yawan amfanin gona amma yana barin ragi mai gina jiki a cikin ƙasa da yawan nitrate-N a cikin ƙasan ƙasa (Gao et al. 2012). Sauran nazarin sun nuna cewa tsarin jakar duka ya fi amfani fiye da tsarin mahara (Yuan et al. 2013) saboda jakunkunan da aka nannade suna ba da damar yin amfani da substrate don rabuwa da jiki daga ƙasa; don haka, rage yuwuwar gurɓata abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa. Duk da haka, abubuwan da ke cikin jiki da sinadarai na substrate (a cikin ramuka ko jakunkuna na nannade) na iya lalacewa tare da kowane lokacin shuka (Song et al. 2013), wanda ke rage karfin samar da abinci mai gina jiki (Song etal. 2013). Don haka, sabunta substrate yana da garantin.

 

Ƙara yawan ƙarfin amfani da makamashi

Tsarin noman filaye na Gobi gabaɗaya ya dogara da hasken rana. An tsara tsarin don riƙe zafi mai yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu ta amfani da adana makamashi daga rana. Tsawon lokacin hasken rana na yau da kullun, ƙarfin hasken rana, da ranakun mara sanyi na shekara suna da mahimmanci don dumama sassan noman. Gabas zuwa tsakiyar Hexi Corridor, kamar gundumar Wuwei (37° 96' N, 102° 64' E), Lardin Gansu, yanki ne na wakilci inda aka tattara tarin kayan aikin Gobiland. Matsakaicin 6150 MJ m ² Hasken rana na shekara-shekara da kwanaki 156 marasa sanyi suna ba da damar nau'ikan kayan lambu iri-iri don girma da inganci. Don inganta ingantaccen amfani da hasken rana, manajojin sashin noma suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don haɓaka ajiyar zafi da haɓaka sakin zafi, kamar yadudduka na fim ɗin filastik baƙar fata wanda aka liƙa a bangon arewa (Xu et al. 2014), faranti launi masu kiyaye zafi da aka sanya akan rufin (Sun et al. 2013), tsarin shayar da zafi mai zurfi don ƙara yawan zafin jiki na ciki (Xu et al. 2014), kuma ana amfani da geotextile na ƙasa azaman murfin ƙasa don adana zafi. Hakanan, ana amfani da famfunan zafin rana don daidaita zafin ruwa a cikin tankunan ruwan zafi a wasu rukunin noma (Zhou et al. 2016). Kwanan nan, an sanya faranti masu launi na zafin zafi a saman rufin don ƙara haɓakar zafi (Sun et al. 2013). A cikin wasu ƙwararrun guraben noman hasken rana a cikin tarin kayan aikin, ana amfani da ci-gaba na fasahar hasken rana don haɓaka ma'ajiyar zafi, samar da wutar lantarki, da amfani da haske (Cuce et al. 2016). Amfani da makamashin hasken rana don samar da amfanin gona a cikin greenhouse ya sami ci gaba a yankuna/ƙasashe da yawa (Farjana et al. 2018), ciki har da Australia, Japan (Cossu et al. 2017), Isra'ila (Castello et al. 2017), da Jamus (Schmidt et al. 2012), da kuma kasashe masu tasowa irin su Nepal (Fuller da Zahnd 2012) da Indiya (Tiwari et al. 2016). A kasar Sin, shigar da na'urori masu amfani da hasken rana na zamani yana da tsada a halin yanzu, tare da kiyasin lokacin biya na shekaru 9 (Wang et al. 2017). Muna hasashen cewa yayin da tsarin noma ke tasowa tare da ƙarin fasahar hasken rana, lokacin biyan kuɗi zai ragu.

Yanayin zafin iska a ciki da waje na gungu na iya kaiwa daga 20 zuwa 35 ° C a lokacin sanyi a arewacin China. Misali, a cikin wuraren hasken rana a Lingyuan (41°20' N, 119° 31' E) a lardin Liaoning da ke arewa maso gabashin kasar Sin, a tsawon mita 12, tsayin mita 5.5, da tsawon mita 65 na greenhouse mai amfani da hasken rana tare da tsarin adana zafi, yanayin iska da ke cikin dare ya kai 13 ° C yayin da waje ya kasance. -25.8 °C, bambanci na 39 °C (Sunetal. 2013).

Yin amfani da makamashin hasken rana don samar da abinci shine muhimmin fasalin "Gobi noma" tsarin a arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin. Wannan ya bambanta da wuraren zama na gargajiya ko gidajen gilasai waɗanda ke buƙatar abubuwan samar da makamashi na waje don shuka amfanin gona, wanda zai iya zama tsadar tattalin arziki da muhalli (Hassanien et al. 2016; Canakci et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2017). Misali, matsakaita yawan amfani da makamashin lantarki na shekara-shekara a cikin gidaje na al'ada na iya zama fiye da 500 kW hmy (Hassanien et al. 2016), tare da farashin da ya kai dalar Amurka $65,000150,000 a kowace shekara (a cikin binciken shari'ar Turkiyya) (Canakci et al. 2013). A duniya baki daya, an iyakance fadada samar da amfanin gona na greenhouse na al'ada saboda tsananin amfani da makamashi da damuwa game da hayakin carbon.

Amfanin muhalli

Dumama gidajen noma tare da albarkatun mai, kamar kwal, mai, da iskar gas, yana ba da gudummawa ga hayaƙin carbon da canjin yanayi. Tsarin noman filayen Gobi mai amfani da hasken rana yana samar da ingantacciyar fa'idar muhalli saboda (i) rage amfani da makamashi, saboda noman amfanin gona ya dogara kacokan akan hasken rana, sabanin gidajen gilashin da ake ba da wutar lantarki ta hanyar wutar lantarki ko iskar gas mai fitar da iskar gas mai yawa; (ii) ingantacciyar ceton ruwa, kamar yadda noman amfanin gona ke faruwa a ƙarƙashin rufin da aka lulluɓe da filastik tare da ƙarancin ƙanƙara mai ƙanƙara da babban rabo na transpiration: evaporation. Kwamfuta ta tsakiya tana kulawa da sarrafa ban ruwa wanda ke ba da damar ingantaccen ruwa tare da ƙarancin asarar ruwa; (iii) Rage fitar da iskar gas ga dukkan tsarin (Chai et al. 2012) ko sawun kowane nau'in nau'in nau'in kayan lambu na sabo bisa ga kima tsarin rayuwa (Chai et al. 2014a). Amfanin amfanin gona da aka noma a cikin gungu yana da yawan amfanin gona da yawa a kowace raka'a na shigarwa (kamar taki, yankin amfani da ƙasa) tare da ƙarin yanayi CO.₂ canza zuwa shuka biomass ta ingantaccen photosynthesis fiye da tsarin noman fili (Chang et al. 2013); da (iv) amfani da takin substrates na iya ƙara yawan carbon na ƙasa akan lokaci (Jaiarree et al. 2014; Chai et al. 2014a).

Wasu nazarin binciken sun kiyasta net CO₂ gyare-gyare ta hanyar shuke-shuke a cikin tsarin noman filastik na hasken rana a sau takwas fiye da na tsarin bude filin gargajiya (Wang et al. 2011). Ƙarin CO₂ gyarawa a cikin raka'a na noma yana nufin ƙarancin CO₂ hayaki zuwa yanayi (Wu et al. 2015). Girman tasirin ya bambanta tare da wurin yanki da tsarin sassan noma (Chai et al. 2014c). Nazarin ya kuma nuna cewa noman kayan aiki yana ba da damar shuka don gyara ƙarin CO₂ daga yanayi yayin fitar da ƙarancin iskar gas a kowace kilogiram na samfur (Chang et al. 2011). Ba a ba da ƙarin dumama ga sassan noma ba, har ma a lokacin hunturu, yana adana kusan 750 MG ha^-1 na makamashi idan aka kwatanta da na al'ada, samar da greenhouse mai zafi mai zafi (Gao et al. 2010). Noman Gobiland tsari ne na wayo na carbon don rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. Duk da haka, kimanta yanayin rayuwa don noman kayan aiki ba su da yawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen, kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike mai zurfi don tantance tasirin muhalli na waɗannan tsarin noman.

Amfanin muhalli

Arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin na da wadatar hasken rana da albarkatun zafi tare da hasken rana a kowace shekara daga sa'o'i 2800 zuwa 3300. Haɓaka tsarin noman ƙasa na Gobi mai cike da hasken rana zai iya mayar da haske da albarkatun zafi zuwa samar da abinci da ba da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci na muhalli, wasu daga cikinsu an bayyana su a ƙasa.

Da farko dai ana amfani da filin Gobi wajen noman amfanin gona mai inganci domin samun abinci. A China, matsakaicin ƙasar noma a kan kowane mutum 100 shine ha 8 (FAOSTAT 2014), ƙasa da ƙasa da ha 52 a Amurka, ha 125 a Kanada, da ha 214 a Ostiraliya. Albarkatun amfanin gona a kasar Sin na raguwa cikin sauri saboda saurin bunkasuwar birane. Da yake fuskantar ƙayyadaddun filayen noma ga kowane mutum, haɗe da filayen noma da ake amfani da su don gina birane, Sin ta ɗauki muhimmin mataki na binciken ɗimbin ƙasar Gobi don noman amfanin gona (Jiang et al. 2014). Noma na gargajiya ba zai yiwu ba a irin sahara, ƙasar Gobi mara amfani (Fig. 6a). Gina wuraren noma masu tarin yawa a ƙasar Gobi yana ba da fasali na musamman don magance rikice-rikicen ƙasa tsakanin noma da sauran sassan tattalin arziki (Fig. 6b) da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da abinci ga kasa mai yawan jama'a.

Na biyu, tsarin samarwa galibi yana amfani da albarkatun da ake samu a cikin gida. Kowane rukunin noma a cikin tsarin an gina shi kuma yana goyan bayan firam ɗin da aka yi daga itace, bamboo, ko sandunan ƙarfe. A lokacin sanyi na sanyi, ana naɗa tabarmar bambaro ko kuma barguna masu zafi a kan rufin da ya gangara don ƙarin rufin. Ganuwar arewa na rukunin noman kuma ana gina su ta amfani da kayan da ake da su a cikin gida, kamar ginshiƙan ƙarfe da bambaro (Fig. 7a), jakunkuna (Fig. 7b), dutse-cakuda siminti (Fig. 7c), ko tubalin gama gari (Fig. 7d).

Abubuwan da ake samu a cikin gida suna ba da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci na muhalli da tattalin arziƙin saboda ana iya samun su cikin rahusa ko tattara su kyauta (misali, duwatsu da duwatsu a yankunan hamada kusa), tare da ƙarancin buƙatun sufuri. Har ila yau, kayan aikin jigilar kayayyaki, yin gyare-gyare, da noman amfanin gona sun kasance a hankali don samar da kayan aikin tari; wannan ya taimaka wajen magance karancin guraben aikin gona a wasu yankunan karkara na kasar Sin.

Na uku, wannan tsarin noman yana ba da damammaki don haɓaka ilimin halittu na yanki. A babban yanki na arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin, kasar Gobi ba ta da ciyayi (Fig. 6a) haifar da gurɓataccen muhallin muhalli. Yazawar iska ya zama ruwan dare kuma yana ƙara tsananta tare da sauyin yanayi. Guguwar ƙura akai-akai ta samo asali ne daga arewa maso yamma galibi tana kaiwa wasu yankuna na Asiya. Bunkasa tsarin noman makamashin hasken rana ba wai kawai yana da damar da za ta iya mayar da martani lokaci guda kan raguwar samar da filayen da suka dace a kasar Sin ba, har ma yana taka rawa wajen kawar da gurbacewar muhalli a cikin hamada zuwa gurbataccen yanayi a arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin (Gao et al. 2010; Wang et al. 2017). Sauya ƙasar Gobi da aka yi watsi da ita zuwa ƙasar noma na iya taimakawa wajen samar da sabon tsarin muhalli, wanda zai canza yanayin da ya kasance na farko da kuma ƙawata yanayin muhalli.

Tasirin zaman lafiyar al'ummar karkara

Ci gaban tattalin arziki a arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin ya koma baya a yankunan tsakiya da gabas, inda yawancin gundumomin al'umma ke kasa da matakin talauci na kasa. Binciken faffadan yankuna na Gobi don samar da 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari ya bude kofa ga wannan yanki don hanzarta ci gaban tattalin arziki. Yana mayar da illar kwararowar Hamadar Gobi zuwa fa'idar tattalin arzikin yanki daban-daban, ba wai kawai inganta masana'antar noma ba har ma da sauran masana'antu, wanda ke taimakawa wajen daidaita al'ummomin karkara. Wannan tsarin noma mai rahusa yana zama wani muhimmin ci gaba na tara al'ummomin karkara.

Tsarin noman Gobi-land yana ƙarfafa samar da abinci kuma yana ƙara samun kuɗin shiga gida. A cikin yankunan da yanayin zafi sama -28 °C a cikin hunturu, wuraren shakatawa masu amfani da hasken rana suna yin amfani da makamashin hasken rana da ƙasa mara amfani don samar da 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari a duk shekara. Shuka amfanin gona a cikin rukunonin noma suna samar da mahimmanci fiye da samar da fage tare da mafi girman rabon abubuwan da aka samu zuwa abubuwan da aka fitar. Mun bincika fitowar tattalin arziƙin a cikin nazarin 14 tare da rukunin noman makamashin hasken rana guda 120 (Xie et al. 2017) don nemo matsakaicin babban kudin shiga na dalar Amurka $56,650 ha ¹ y 1, zama 10-Sau 30 mafi girma fiye da haka daga samar da filin buɗe ido a wuri guda ɗaya. A sakamakon haka, ribar da aka samu daga noman kayan lambu na wurin ya kai 10-Sau 15 mafi girma fiye da samar da kayan lambu a fili da 70-Sau 125 ya fi masarar fili ta girma (Zeyi mays) ko alkama (Maganin Triticum) Samarwa.

Kafa waɗannan sabbin tsarin noma yana haifar da guraben ayyukan yi a karkara. Noman kayan aiki yana canza lokacin hunturu zuwa lokacin aiki mai cike da fa'ida, wanda ke haifar da guraben aikin yi a yankunan karkara, musamman a lokacin hunturu lokacin da iyalai na gonaki sukan kasance. "gida-shi kadai" ba tare da aikin yi ba. Samar da tallace-tallacen 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari suna da matuƙar wahala. Ana iya raba ma'aikatan karkara da yawa don noman kayan aiki (Fig. 8a), yayin da wasu za a iya kasaftawa ga jigilar kayayyaki da tallata kayan amfanin zuwa al'ummomin gida ko na kusa (Fig. 8b). Mafi mahimmanci, sarrafawa, adanawa, adanawa, da siyar da sabbin kayan amfanin gona suna ba da guraben aikin yi sau ɗaya ba ya nan, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen gina al'umma mai jituwa (Fig. 8c) da ruhin al'ummar karkara.

Babu wani rahoto da aka buga kan yadda tsarin noma zai iya shafar ci gaban yankunan karkara. Muna ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan tsare-tsare suna taimakawa dawwama da kwanciyar hankali na al'ummomin karkara. Kafa tsarin noman filaye na Gobi ya sa aikin noma a arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin ya fadada fiye da kan iyakar samar da farko. Don haka, an inganta rayuwar al’umma da kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci domin (i) ana ci gaba da samar da sabbin fasahohi don inganta noman gonakin Gobi, irin su noman amfanin gona, bunqasa qwari, da matakan kawar da kwari, waxanda suka zama wata muhimmiyar hanya ga al’ummomin karkara don bunqasa hanya mai dorewa; (ii) Noman kayan aiki na samar da sabbin 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari ga al'umma a duk shekara, tare da gamsar da ƙarin buƙatun ƴan ƙasa don ƙarin abinci mai gina jiki da lafiya; da (iii) kafa sabon tsarin noma yana taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa haɗin kai na cikin gida na ƙananan kabilu, kamar yadda ƴan ƙabilun ƙabilun suna buƙatar abinci iri-iri tare da siffofi na musamman, waɗanda suka gamsu daga sabbin kayan noman da ake samu a duk shekara.

Manyan kalubale

Tsarin noman filaye na Gobi na samun bunkasuwa cikin sauri a kasar Sin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tare da damar fadada wuraren da ake amfani da su, da matakan samar da kayayyaki (Jiang et al. 2015). Duk da haka, wasu matsaloli da ƙalubale suna buƙatar magance su.

Matsalolin albarkatun ruwa

Daya daga cikin manyan kalubalen aikin noma a arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin shi ne karancin ruwa. Samun ruwa na shekara-shekara yana da ƙasa a <760m³ ga kowa y ¹ (Shai et al. 2014b). A cikin Hexi Corridor na Lardin Gansu, hazo na shekara yana <160 mm yayin da evaporation na shekara shine> 1500 mm (Deng et al. 2006). Yawancin filayen noman noma da yawa da ke kan hanyar siliki sun kasance "dakatar da shi" a 'yan shekarun nan saboda karancin ruwa. Yawancin noman gonakin buɗe ido na amfani da na gargajiya "ambaliya" ban ruwa wanda ya wuce 10,000 m³ ha^-1 kowace kakar noman (Chai et al. 2016). Yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa fiye da kima yana iya ƙara tabarbare yanayin muhalli da fitar da albarkatun ruwan da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba (Martinez-Fernandez da Esteve). 2005). Samar da kayan lambu yana buƙatar ruwa mai yawa na tsawon lokacin girma, kuma hazo ba zai iya biyan buƙatun ci gaban shuka ba. A Lardin Hexi Corridor na lardin Gansu, inda tsarin noman rani ya karu cikin sauri a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, babban tushen ruwa ga kowane bangare ya samo asali ne daga tarin dusar ƙanƙara a tsaunin Qilian a lokacin hunturu, tare da narke dusar ƙanƙara ta rani yana ciyar da koguna da ruwa a cikin ƙasa. kwaruruka (Chai et al. 2014b). A cikin shekaru 0.2 da suka wuce, dusar ƙanƙara da za a iya aunawa a kan tsaunin Qilian ya tashi sama da nisan mita 1.0 zuwa XNUMX a kowace shekara (Che da Li). 2005), yayin da teburin ruwan karkashin kasa a cikin kwaruruka (wanda ruwa daga tsaunuka ke bayarwa) ya ci gaba da faduwa, kuma samun ruwan karkashin kasa ya ragu sosai (Zhang). 2007). Sakamakon haka, wasu tudun ruwa na dabi'a tare da tsohuwar hanyar siliki suna ɓacewa a hankali. An yi amfani da wasu tono ma'auni na ruwa don adana ruwan sama don samar da ƙarin ruwa, amma amfanin gabaɗaya yana da ƙasa. Yadda za a adana ruwa ko haɓaka WUE a cikin noman amfanin gona yana da mahimmanci don dorewar tsarin noman ƙasa na Gobi na dogon lokaci.

Mahalli masu rauni

A arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin, baiwar filaye ba ta da kyau. Tsaunuka da kwaruruka, tare da oases da ƙasar Gobi, suna samar da yanayin yanayin muhalli mai sarƙaƙƙiya. Yawan fari da guguwar kura suna dagula yanayin muhalli. Kimanin kashi 88% na yankin Gansu Hexi Corridor ya fuskanci kwararowar hamada, kuma layin kwararowar hamada na tafiya kudu zuwa gonaki. An bayyana yanayin yanayi a yankin arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin a matsayin "iska tana kada duwatsu a ko'ina tare da ciyawa da ba ta da yawa." nunin yanayin muhalli mai rauni. Babban amfani da magungunan kashe qwari wajen noman kayan aiki yana da yuwuwar haɗarin muhalli da haɗarin lafiya ga ma'aikata. Rashin magungunan da suka dace don abubuwan da aka sake amfani da su na iya gurɓata tushen ruwan ƙasa, yana kawo damuwa ga jama'a.

Ƙuntataccen albarkatun aiki

Samar da guraben aikin gona gabaɗaya ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa, saboda ƙara yawan ma’aikata da matasa ke ƙaura zuwa birane don samun abin dogaro da kai, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin albarkatun noma a yankunan karkara. Manufofin gwamnati na yau da kullun don ƙarfafa sha'awar manoma don yin noma, ba su dace da ci gaban al'ummar karkara ba, wanda ke ƙara ta'azzara ƙarancin ma'aikata na karkara. Har ila yau, gonar iyali a matsayin sashin noma mai zaman kansa ya kasance babban tsarin kula da gonaki, kuma manufofin gwamnati na yanzu game da mallakar filaye na iya hana manoma saye da sayar da filaye, wanda zai iya hana ci gaban tsarin aikin gonaki. Bugu da ƙari, matakan ilimi gabaɗaya a arewa maso yamma sun yi ƙasa da na tsakiya da na gabas. Gwamnatin tsakiya ta aiwatar da manufofin ilimi na tilas ga daukacin kasar, amma mutane da yawa a arewa maso yamma ba su iya kammala karatun shekaru 9 na ilimi. Duk abubuwan da ke sama na iya haifar da yanayi mara kyau ga samar da guraben aikin yi a yankunan karkara, wanda zai iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban tsarin samar da filayen Gobi.

Dorewar tattalin arziki

Tare da haɓakawa a cikin yanayin rayuwa, masu amfani suna buƙatar kewayon sabbin samfura masu inganci da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki. Akwai ɗimbin ƴan tsiraru (musamman tare da asalin Hui da Dongxiang) a arewa maso yamma tare da al'adar cin abinci mafi rinjayen kayan lambu, waɗanda ke buƙatar samfuran iri daban-daban don biyan bukatunsu. Wannan yana haifar da dama ga sababbin kasuwanni tare da sababbin samfurori. Koyaya, kasuwan kayan amfanin gona da tsarin noman Gobi ke samarwa zai iya zama cikin sauƙi saboda yawan al'ummar larduna shida na arewa maso yamma ya kai kashi 6.6% na ƙasar.'jimlar, tare da ƙarancin kudin shiga da za a iya zubarwa ga kowa da kowa. A shekarar 2012, GDP na kowane mutum a larduna shida na arewa maso yamma ya kai Yuan 26,733 (daidai da dalar Amurka $4100), wanda ya kai kashi 31% kasa da kasar.'s matsakaici. Ƙananan samun kudin shiga tare da masu amfani kaɗan na iya ƙuntata haɓakar sababbin kasuwanni a yankunan gida kuma suna ɗaukar manyan haɗari don dorewar tattalin arziki a cikin dogon lokaci. Ana buƙatar nazari don bincika yadda wannan tsarin zai iya dorewa, da abin da za a iya yi don tabbatar da dorewar tattalin arzikinsa na dogon lokaci. Mun fahimci cewa akwai yuwuwar kasuwan sabbin kayan amfanin gona zuwa yankunan tsakiya da gabashin kasar nan mai yawan jama'a. Muna ba da shawarar abubuwan da suka fi dacewa don faɗaɗa kasuwa su mayar da hankali kan: (i) kafa abin da ake kira "sarkar dragon" marketing dabaru cewa link "namo-masu siyar da kaya-masu sake sayar da kaya-masu amfani da" a cikin sarkar darajar; (ii) inganta tsarin zirga-zirga tsakanin yankuna musamman don zirga-zirgar kayayyakin amfanin gona; da (iii) haɓaka hanyoyin sarrafa inganci, inshorar aminci, da farashin gaskiya.

ingancin samfurin da lafiya

Ƙarfe mai nauyi ya fi girma a wasu ƙasan kayan aiki fiye da a fili. Samfurin da aka haɓaka kayan aiki wani lokaci yana ƙunshe da ƙididdiga masu haɗari masu girma na karafa masu nauyi fiye da kayan lambu masu buɗewa (Chen et al. 2016), wani ɓangare saboda sharar ɗan adam da sauran kayan sharar an haɗa su a cikin abubuwan. A wasu wurare, yawan takin roba da ya kai kilogiram 670 N ha 1, tare da 1230 kg N ha ¹ daga kayan halitta kamar taki, ana amfani dashi kowace shekara don samar da kayan lambu (Gao et al. 2012). Bugu da ƙari, fim ɗin filastik da aka yi amfani da shi don rufin rufi da murfin ƙasa a cikin sassan noma galibi ana haɗa shi da esters na phthalic acid waɗanda aka ƙara yayin kera fim ɗin filastik. Ana iya samun haɗarin lafiya na dogon lokaci ga masu noman da aka fallasa ga gurɓataccen abu (Ma et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2015). Matakan phthalates a cikin ƙasan Sin gabaɗaya suna kan babban ƙarshen kewayon duniya (Lu et al. 2018), kuma amfanin gona a cikin manyan wuraren da aka yi filastik na iya ƙunsar manyan matakan phthalates (Chen et al. 2016; Ma et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2015). Bayyanar ma'aikaci ga phthalates na iya ɗaukar haɗarin lafiya (Lu et al. 2018). Ana buƙatar bincike don haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyi don rage yawan abubuwan phthalate a cikin samarwa. Haɗarin gano adadin phthalates ga lafiyar ɗan adam na iya zama ko ɗaya ko ƙarami amma yana buƙatar tabbatarwa. Ana buƙatar ƙayyadaddun matakan ƙididdiga masu nauyi na ƙarfe a cikin samfuran ƙarshe. Wasu nagartattun hanyoyin gyaran halittu na iya buƙatar haɓakawa don gyaran ƙasa na gurɓataccen ƙarfe don rage tasirin yuwuwar haɗuwar ƙarfe mai nauyi.

Kafa manufofi don ci gaba mai dorewa a tsarin ƙasa na Gobi

Tsarukan noman kayan aiki masu tarin yawa na ci gaba cikin sauri a arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin. A watan Yunin 2017, kimanin hekta 3000 na yankin Gobi ne ake noman gonaki a lardin Gansu kadai. Wannan yanki yana da fa'idodi na yanki don kayan lambu samarwa, gami da dogayen sa'o'in hasken rana, manyan bambance-bambancen zafin jiki tsakanin dare da rana, da sararin sama wanda ba shi da ƙarancin gurɓataccen iska. Ana ɗaukar tsarin noman kayan aiki a "Gobi land mu'ujiza" na kasar Sin'ci gaban tattalin arziki. Muna ba da shawarar abubuwan da suka fi dacewa na tsara manufofi masu zuwa don tabbatar da ingantaccen ci gaban tsarin tare da kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci.

Daidaita tsakanin bincike da kariya

Muna ba da shawarar cewa an samar da manufofin da suka mayar da hankali akai "kare muhallin muhalli yayin da ake binciken sabuwar ƙasar da aka samo," ma'ana cewa bai kamata ci gaban tsarin noman gonakin Gobi ya yi mummunan tasirin muhalli ba. Ya kamata manufar dalla-dalla yadda za a ƙarfafa yawan aiki na tsarin yayin haɓaka dorewar muhalli. Ƙididdigar muhalli, "koren inshora," da kuma "kore sayayya" ya kamata a yi la'akari da kuma haɗawa a cikin kimantawar tsarin dorewa. Ana kuma buƙatar manufofin yin amfani da takin mai magani, ƙarfe mai nauyi da abubuwa masu cutarwa, yawan ragowar magungunan kashe qwari, da sake sarrafa fim ɗin filastik, da sauransu. Ya kamata a kafa wasu takamaiman manufofi don auna mahimman batutuwan cikin gida. Misali, ya kamata a gina wuraren ajiyar ruwa tare da rukunin wuraren noma a yammacin ƙarshen Hexi Corridor inda a halin yanzu jigilar ruwa ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen ruwa don ban ruwa na wuraren noma yana ɗauke da babban haɗari na asarar ruwa yayin sufuri da ban ruwa.

Ƙirƙirar matakan tsari don amfani da ruwa da ceton ruwa

Don yin cikakken amfani da ɗimbin ƙasar Gobi da ke arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin, ya kamata a samar da tsauraran manufofin amfani da ruwa. Abubuwan fifiko na kusa sun haɗa da: (i) dokokin kare albarkatun ruwa don "ma'aunin ruwa,""kula da hako ruwa," da kuma "magudanan ruwa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa" tare da cikakkun ƙa'idodi game da haƙƙin ruwa, ƙididdiga, caji, da kula da inganci; (ii) gina wuraren tattara ruwa da wuraren ajiyar ruwa na ruwan sama ta hanyar amfani da fasahar ajiyar ruwa ta magudanar ruwa, ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun ruwan saman, shirin binciken ruwan karkashin kasa, da aiwatar da tsarin ba da izinin shan ruwa; (iii) ƙarfafa nauyin hukumomin gudanarwa a kowane mataki don sarrafa rabon ruwa, kawar da sharar ruwa, da inganta amfani da albarkatun ruwa na hankali; (iv) haɓaka tsarin aikin noma na ceton ruwa, gami da ƙaura daga ambaliya ko ban ruwa zuwa ban ruwa na ƙasa, yin amfani da ciyawa don rage ƙawancewar ruwa, da haɓaka tsarin ban ruwa na filin; da (v) na dogon lokaci, inganta kiwo don jurewar fari, gyara tsarin noma, da inganta kayan aikin gine-gine.

Ƙarfafa haɓakar fasahar noma

Fasaha tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaba mai dorewa na tsarin noman kasa na Gobi; don haka, ya kamata manufar fasaha ta ƙunshi: (i) gina cibiyoyin ƙirƙira yanki da tashoshin gwaji, kafa "manufa kudade" musamman don tsarin noman ƙasa na Gobi don magance matsalolin gaggawa, da haɓaka zuba jari a cikin bincike / nuni da dandamali na fasaha; (ii) haɓaka tsarin haɓaka fasahar fasaha - inda manufofin gwamnati ke haɓaka cibiyoyin bincike a kowane mataki don aiwatar da yada fasahar fasaha - da kafa ofisoshin fasaha na gida don gudanar da ayyukan fasaha a yankunan karkara; (iii) ɗaukar matakan jawo hankali da riƙe ma'aikata su yi aiki a yankin arewa maso yamma da ba a ci gaba ba; (iv) haɓaka ilimin manoma fiye da shekaru 9 na wajibi, haɓaka ilimin fasaha a cikin jama'ar karkara ta hanyar koyar da sana'o'i, da haɓaka sabbin ƙarni na manoma don aiwatar da sabbin fasahohin aikin gona; da (v) bunƙasa shirye-shiryen horar da jami'o'i da cibiyoyin bincike na ma'aikatan fasahar noma don haɓaka fasahar zamani.

Daidaita sarkar abinci

Adadin sabbin 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari da ake samarwa a cikin wuraren da aka taru yawanci ya fi waɗanda yankunan karkara da na kusa da karkara da birane ke buƙata. Yin jigilar kayan amfanin gona a kan lokaci zuwa wasu kasuwanni na cikin gida da na ketare zai tabbatar da cewa samarwa da tallace-tallace sun daidaita. Ana buƙatar manufofi don sauƙaƙe hanyoyin kasuwanci da dabaru. Yakamata a samar da ciyayi don biyan buƙatun kasuwanni daban-daban waɗanda ke rufe nau'ikan kayayyaki da ɗanɗano iri-iri waɗanda suka dace da ƙungiyoyin kabilanci da na addini. Ya kamata manufar ta goyi bayan kasuwannin jumloli, kantunan siyarwa, kayan aikin sarkar sanyi, da tsarin sa ido kan bayanai. Ana iya buƙatar manufa don tsarin sufuri, gami da gina manyan layin dogo masu zuwa tsakiya da gabashin China, da kuma samun damar shiga tashoshi na kan ƙasa a Rasha, Mongoliya ta waje, Yammacin Asiya, da Turai.

Noma kwararrun manoma

Manoma su ne manyan ‘yan wasa a cikin ci gaban tattalin arzikin yankunan karkara, amma yawancin manoma manoma sun ƙaura zuwa birane don samun wasu kuɗin shiga, abin da ya bar noman noma babu komai tsawon shekaru ba tare da wani amfani mai yawa ba a wasu yankuna (Seeberg da Luo). 2018; Ya 2018). Ana buƙatar manufar da za ta tallafa wa haɓaka kuɗin shiga gonaki daga samar da abinci don ƙarfafa matasa manoma su ci gaba da zama a gonaki, wanda a ƙarshe zai inganta zaman lafiyar zamantakewar al'ummomin karkara. Wani muhimmin batu na manufar ya kamata a noma sabon nau'in manoma tare da ingantacciyar kwarewa da kwarewar gudanarwa, da taimakawa da yuwuwar tashi daga gonakin gargajiya, masu dogaro da kai, da kananan yara zuwa manyan masana'antun gona-hanyar bunkasa aikin gona na zamani a kasar Sin. Manufofin filaye na yanzu na iya buƙatar sabunta su, ba da damar ƙwararru, ƙwararrun manoma su faɗaɗa gonakinsu da haɓaka aikin kula da gonaki, inda ya dace.

Kafa ingantaccen tsarin sabis na zamantakewa

Al'ummomin karkara a arewa maso yammacin tarihi ba su da ci gaba idan aka kwatanta da tsakiya da gabashin China. Ana buƙatar manufofi don kafa ingantaccen tsarin sabis na zamantakewa wanda ke mai da hankali kan inganta ilimi, lafiya da aikin yi, da haɓaka yanayin rayuwa gaba ɗaya. Aikin noma shine ginshikin kasuwanci a yankunan karkara. Ana buƙatar tsare-tsare don ƙarfafa haɓaka manyan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar aikin gona don yin amfani da fa'ida da albarkatun ruwa yadda ya kamata tare da ƙarin kuɗin shiga ga iyalan gonaki. Don tsarin noman Gobi-land, ana buƙatar manufa don inganta ingantaccen noman amfanin gona, sarrafa abinci, da rarraba kayayyaki a cikin gida da na kusa. Ana buƙatar ingantaccen tsari / rarraba wuraren noma a cikin yankuna daban-daban don gamsar da buƙatun mabukaci daban-daban don sabbin 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari a matakin yanki / yanki da kuma gano damammaki a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ana kuma buƙatar wata manufa don tabbatar da aminci da ingancin kayan masarufi daga tsarin kayan aiki waɗanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da adanawa, jigilar kayayyaki, da rarraba sabbin kayan amfanin bayan lokacin don rage haɗarin rasa sabo da inganci.

karshe

Albarkatun kasa na da muhimmanci ga aikin noma kuma suna da alaƙa da ƙalubalen duniya don samar da abinci da kuma rayuwar miliyoyin mutanen karkara. An yi hasashen yawan al'ummar duniya zai kai biliyan 9.1 nan da shekara ta 2050 kuma ana bukatar samar da abinci a kasashe masu tasowa ya ninka daga matakin na 2015. Albarkatun kasa na cikin tsananin damuwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda saurin bunkasar birane da ke fafatawa da samun fili da noma. Kasar Sin ta kafa sabbin tsarin noman amfanin gona a kasar Gobi, wato "Gobi noma," wanda ya ƙunshi gungu na da yawa (har zuwa ɗaruruwa) na nau'ikan noma iri ɗaya waɗanda aka yi daga kayan da ake samu a cikin gida kuma masu ƙarfin hasken rana. Rufin robobi, raka'o'in noma irin na greenhouse suna samar da sabbin 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari masu inganci duk shekara. Mun kiyasta cewa wadannan tsare-tsare za su kai kimanin hekta miliyan 2.2 nan da shekarar 2020, inda za su zama ginshikin samar da abinci a kasar Sin.'s tarihin noma. A cikin wannan bita, mun gano wasu fasalulluka na musamman na tsarin noman, gami da ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa kowace juzu'in shigarwa, ingantaccen WUE, da haɓaka fa'idodin muhalli da muhalli. Wannan tsarin noman yana ba da damammaki masu kyau don bincika albarkatun da ke cikin gida don wadatar da mutanen karkara da tabbatar da dorewar al'ummomin karkara. Wannan tsarin kuma yana fuskantar manyan kalubale da ya kamata a magance.

Mun gano wasu mahimman batutuwa da madaidaitan wuraren fifikon binciken su na kusa (3-Shekaru 5) wanda zai taimaka haɓaka dorewar wannan tsarin noma na musamman. Muna ba da shawara sosai cewa an samar da manufofin gwamnati masu dacewa da tsarin sabis na zamantakewa a yankunan karkara don tabbatar da ci gaban tattalin arziki da dorewar muhallin tsarin noman Gobi-ƙasa.

Acknowledgments Marubutan suna son yaba wa duk wadanda suka ba da gudummawar lokacinsu da kokarinsu wajen shiga wannan bincike, da ma’aikata a cibiyar fasahar kayan lambu da ke gundumar Suzhou, Jiuquan, da kuma Wuwei Agricultural Extension Services, Wuwei, Gansu, saboda samar da wasu bayanai. da hotuna da aka gabatar a cikin labarin.

kudade Wannan binciken ya kasance tare da haɗin gwiwa "Asusun Musamman na Jiha don Binciken Agro-Scientific a cikin Sha'awar Jama'a (lambar kyauta 201203001),""Tsarin Binciken Aikin Noma na kasar Sin (lambar kyauta CARS-23-C-07),""Asusun Maɓalli na Kimiyya da Fasaha na lardin Gansu (lambar kyauta 17ZD2NA015)," da kuma "Asusu na Musamman don Ƙirƙirar Kimiyya & Fasaha da Ci Gaba Daga Lardin Gansu (lambar kyauta 2018ZX-02)."

Yarda da ka'idojin ɗa'a

Rikici na sha'awa Mawallafa sun furta cewa basu da rikici.

Open Access An rarraba wannan labarin ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan Lasisin Ƙasashen Duniya na Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), wanda ke ba da izinin amfani mara iyaka, rarrabawa, da haɓakawa ta kowace matsakaici, muddin kun ba da ƙima mai dacewa. zuwa ga marubuci(s) na asali da tushen, samar da hanyar haɗi zuwa lasisin Creative Commons, kuma nuna idan an sami canje-canje.

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