Kungiyoyin kare muhalli da mazauna yankin sun yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da yadda Odemira ke amfani da filayen noma da albarkatun ruwa na gidajen gonaki.
Odemira, Portugal - Tana zaune a gidanta a wani ƙauye mai wanki da ke cikin tsaunin Alentejo a hankali, Inácia Cruz mai shekaru 92 tana son tunawa da lokuta mafi sauƙi.
"Wannan yanki yana da wadataccen abinci," in ji ta cikin bacin rai. “Za mu samar da man zaitun, hatsi da kwalabe. Ba mu buƙatar siyan abubuwa daga ƙasashen waje. Mun noma namu abinci kuma makwabta suna taimakon juna”.
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ta ga babban sauyi na yanayin Odemira, gundumar karkara a yankin kudu maso yammacin Alentejo.
A cikin shekarun 1960, an gina madatsar ruwa a karkashin mulkin kama-karya na Estado Novo, tare da yin alkawalin cewa noman ruwa zai bunkasa noma da inganta noma a cikin busasshiyar wuri. An sanya wa tafki sunan kauyen Inácia, Santa Clara.
Yayin da wasu manoma suka maye gurbin gargajiya na gonakin hatsi, ciyayi da filaye da gonakin noma, sai a ƙarshen 1980 ne aka fara noman masana'antu, tare da kafa ɗaruruwan kadada na lambuna na strawberry daga hamshakin attajirin Faransa Thierry Roussel. .
'Ganin na Faransanci'
“Wasu maƙwabta na sun yi aiki a wurin, a gidajen sayar da abinci na Bafaranshen, amma kasuwancin ya ci tura kuma ba a biya su albashin da ake binsu ba,” in ji Inácia.
Ko da tallafin da Tarayyar Turai ta bayar da kuma tallafin da kasar Portugal ta samu da kuma wani banki mallakar gwamnati, gidajen mai mai fadin hekta 550 (acre 1,359) ya yi fatara a cikin 'yan shekaru kadan, inda ya kare da asarar dala miliyan 30.
Rousel ya gudu daga Portugal, ya bar bashi a baya, ƙasar da ke cike da robobi kuma ƙasa ta lalace saboda yawan amfani da kayan aikin gona.
Sai dai a cikin shekaru 18 da suka wuce, kamfanonin kasashen waje sun sake fara zuba jari a Odemira, inda suka mayar da yankin wata cibiya ta noma mai tsafta.
Yanayin yanayi mai laushi na yankin, wanda ke ba da damar haɓaka yanayi mai tsawo, ya fara jawo masu samar da berries a cikin 2004, lokacin da kamfanin Amurka Driscoll's, babban kamfanin berry a duniya wanda ke da ikon mallakar shuke-shuken, ya kafa greenhouses a can don ciyar da ci gaban ci gaban Turai na sabbin berries. .
Samuwar filaye, ruwa daga tafki na Santa Clara da miliyoyin Yuro a cikin tallafin noma na EU ya haifar da haɓakar haɓakar fitarwa wanda ya ga tallace-tallacen berries na Portugal ya girma cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, yana kawo kusan Yuro miliyan 250 ($ 242m) a shekarar 2020.
Fiye da kashi 90 na berries ana fitar da su zuwa arewa zuwa wurare kamar Belgium, Faransa, Jamus, Netherlands, Scandinavia, da Ingila.
Inácia tana da masaniya game da rugujewar hanyoyin noman abinci na gargajiya na yankin, bisa wani tsohon tsarin silvostoral wanda ya haɗu da bishiyar oak da 'ya'yan itace da amfanin gona da ake ciyar da ruwan sama da dabbobi.
“Yanzu abin kunya ne, ba ma iya ciyar da kanmu. Dole ne mu shigo da alkama don yin burodin kanmu, ”Inácia ya yi gunaguni ba tare da amincewa ba, yana guje wa tsarin da ke ba kasuwannin duniya damar samar da abinci mai dorewa a cikin gida.
Ta ce hakan ma yana nufin sauyin alakar zamantakewa.
“Akwai ƙarin alheri a da. Kadan kwadayi, kasan mugunta.”
Hotspot na bambancin halittu
Yayin da ƙauyen Inácia ke kusa da tafki mai samar da berries, galibin wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku ne suka kafa, a cikin Kudu maso Yamma Alentejo da Vicentine Coast Natural Park, wuri mai zafi don bambancin halittu.
“[Kudu maso Yamma Alentejo] na ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun yanayin Turai da ake kiyayewa kuma yankunan bakin teku na ƙarshe,” in ji Paula Canha, ƙwararriyar nazarin halittu wadda ta sadaukar da mafi yawan aikinta don yin nazarin nau'ikan halittu na musamman na yankin.
A cikin 1988, Kudu maso Yamma Alentejo an ware shi azaman shimfidar wuri mai kariya. A cikin 1995, an mai da shi wurin shakatawa na yanayi kuma an haɗa shi cikin cibiyar sadarwa ta Turai ta Natura 2000 na wuraren da aka karewa don wuraren da ba safai ba kuma masu barazana.
Sai dai kamfanonin noma da ke aiki a yankin sun musanta cewa kasuwancin nasu na da matukar tasiri ga muhalli, inda suka ce aikin noman ruwa da madatsar ruwa ta kafa tun kafin dajin, kuma ya kamata a ba da fifiko kan kiyaye yanayi.
Noma yana da mahimmanci, amma yana buƙatar samun iyaka. Muna buƙatar samun daidaito tsakanin samar da abinci da kiyayewa,” in ji Canha.
Gidajen kore sun rufe fiye da kadada 1,700 (kadada 4,200) na wurin shakatawa. A shekarar 2019, gwamnati ta amince da wani kuduri na ba da damar kafa wuraren da za a iya samar da gidajen gonaki ya kai kashi 40 cikin 4,800 na yankin da aka kebe na noma a cikin dajin, wanda zai ba da damar wuraren da aka rufe da wuraren da aka rufe su kusan sau uku zuwa hectare 11,861 (kadada XNUMX).
A cewar Canha, daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin shi ne rashin samar da kwararan tsare-tsare da bin doka da oda.
“Kusan babu wani bincike, akwai sakaci da yawa daga hukumomin yankin. Shekaru da yawa muna da kamfanoni suna karya doka ba tare da wani hukunci ba, "in ji ta.
Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Portugal da hukumomin wurin shakatawa ba su amsa buƙatun Al Jazeera da yawa don yin tsokaci kan tasirin aikin noma a yankin da aka karewa ba. Magajin garin Odemira ya ki amincewa a yi hira da shi.
Yi hanyar don greenhouses
A cewar masana kimiyyar halittu da masu kiyayewa, aikin noma mai tsafta ya danganta ne da amfani da sinadarai na agrochemicals, da kuma kafa kamfanonin da ake gina gidaje suna daidaita kasa, suna kwashe kasa da kuma rufe ta da robobi.
Ruwa tare da takin zamani na shiga cikin magudanar ruwa ya kuma shiga cikin kasa, yana gurɓata ƙarancin ruwa a yankin. Lalacewar na iya zama mara jurewa.
Bugu da ƙari, Canha ya ce, "yawancin waɗannan gidajen gine-ginen ana kafa su kusa da tsaunin dutse, suna haifar da zazzagewa cikin sauri".
"Suna lalata tsarin ƙasa har ta kai ga maido da shi ba zai yuwu ba. Duk abin da ke ƙarƙashin filastik ya mutu. "
Canha ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar halittu da masu kiyayewa waɗanda suka tsara taswirar tafkunan wucin gadi na Bahar Rum na musamman na yankin, wuraren zama masu fifiko a ƙarƙashin dokokin ƙasa da na Turai.
A cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce, yawancin tafkunan an lalata su don samar da hanyar gina gine-gine.
Rita Alcazar, daga LPN, wata kungiyar kare muhalli da ta shigar da kara a kwanan baya kan wani kamfani mallakar Burtaniya da ake zargi da lalata tafkunan guda biyar don noman strawberries, ta ce, "Duk da kokarin da muka yi na kiyaye wadannan tafkuna na musamman, an ci gaba da lalata su." don fitarwa zuwa Burtaniya da Scandinavia.
A cikin wata sanarwa da aka aika ta imel game da tafkunan, AHSA, kungiyar Odemira ta masu noman 'ya'yan itace, ta fada wa Al Jazeera "an yi wasu kurakurai a baya", amma cewa a yau, "kamfanoni suna fuskantar tsauraran matakai ta abokan ciniki". da kuma kiyaye "mafi girman matsayi".
Tashi da kasuwancin agribusiness
Ba ƙungiyoyin muhalli ba ne kawai ke zanga-zangar adawa da lalata wuraren da aka fi fifiko, da zaizayar ƙasa da gurɓata albarkatun ruwa.
A fusata da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na kara yawan wuraren da ake ba da izinin yin amfani da kayan marmari, mazauna yankin da dama sun fara gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da masana'antar noma a Odemira.
"Ya kamata a kiyaye wannan yanki, amma ana watsar da shi ne don biyan bukatun tattalin arziki," in ji Laura Cunha, wanda ya hada gwiwa da sauran mazauna wurin don kafa kungiyar Juntos pelo Sudoeste ("Tare don Kudu maso Yamma") a 2019.
Tun daga wannan lokacin ne suka shirya zanga-zanga da rubuta koke da kuma sha alwashin gurfanar da gwamnati a gaban kuliya domin kare flora da namun daji na yankin.
Kamfanonin noma suna jayayya cewa suna kawo hannun jari a yankin da ke fama da talauci, kuma da yawa suna ganin ci gaban masana'antar a matsayin nasara.
Amma ga Juntos pelo Sudoeste, tsarin tattalin arziƙi na manyan wuraren zama na greenhouse ya dogara da cin gajiyar ayyukan ƙaura da yanayin yanayi.
Gidajen gine-ginen sun dogara ne akan kayan da aka shigo da su - daga tsire-tsire masu haƙƙin mallaka, tsarin ƙarfe da murfin filastik zuwa kayan aikin gona - da kuma dubbai yawan aiki da rashin biya ma'aikatan ƙaura waɗanda ke zuwa galibi daga Kudancin Asiya don ɗaukar 'ya'yan itace masu ƙarancin gaske don girbin injiniyoyi.
"Ba ya amfanar al'ummomin yankin, yana lalata ruwa da ƙasa don wadatar da kaɗan kawai," in ji Cunha ga Al Jazeera.
"Babban matsalar ita ce jihar ta amince da hakan, kuma tana ci gaba da tallafawa harkokin noma," in ji Cunha.
A cikin 2017, Firayim Ministan Portugal António Costa ya ziyarci gidajen lambuna a Odemira yana samar da raspberries don Driscoll's, yana yaba wa jarin waje a yankin.
Diogo Coutinho, wanda ya kafa kungiyar SOS Rio Mira don bayar da shawarwarin kariya da dorewar kula da albarkatun ruwa na gida ya ce "Wadannan kamfanoni na kasa da kasa suna da tunani mai tsauri, suna nan don cin gajiyar albarkatun gida sannan su tafi." .
Ruwa lamari ne mai mahimmanci yayin da Portugal da Spain ke fama da bushewar yanayi na akalla shekaru 1,200, tare da tsananin zafi da tsawan lokaci fari na zama ruwan dare gama gari.
Rahotanni sun yi gargadin cewa yankin na cikin hadarin zama hamada kafin karshen karni. Amma bukatun ruwa a yankin na ci gaba da karuwa.
“Akwai karancin ruwa saboda karancin ruwan sama. Tare da sare dazuzzuka ƙasa tana talauci kuma akwai ƙarancin riƙe ruwa. Amma yawan shan ruwa yana karuwa saboda noma mai ƙarfi na ci gaba da girma,” in ji Coutinho, wanda ke zaune kusa da dam ɗin Santa Clara kuma ya ga wasu maƙwabtansa sun rasa ruwa.
Matsakaicin ruwa a madatsar ruwa ya ragu daga kashi 96 a watan Yulin 2010 zuwa kashi 36 cikin dari a bana.
A cewar Coutinho da sauran mazauna yankin da masu fafutuka, matsalar ita ce rashin adalcin rabon albarkatun ruwa da ke kara karanci, tun da kungiyar da ke kula da samar da dam din na karkashin kulawar kamfanonin noma da ke cin kashi 90 cikin dari na ruwan.
António Rosa, wani manomi da ke noman gyada da dankalin turawa a kan ƙaramin fili, yana ɗaya daga cikin mazauna yankin fiye da 100 da suka karɓi wasiƙa daga ƙungiyar kula da ruwa ta gargaɗe su cewa ba za su ƙara samun ruwa daga tafki ba kuma za su daina samun ruwa. dole ne a sami madadin hanyar ban ruwa.
Rosa ta ce "An hana mu shiga ruwan domin ya ci gaba da samar da kamfanoni na kasa da kasa a nan."
“An gina madatsar ruwan ne da kudaden jama’a amma ana gudanar da shi a cikin sirri. An gina shi don wadata manoma kawai a cikin watanni mafi bushewa, amma waɗannan kamfanoni suna buƙatar ban ruwa a duk shekara. Samfurin su mai ƙarfi ba mai dorewa ba ne, an katse shi gaba ɗaya daga yanki da yanayin gida,” in ji shi.
A gare shi, mafita ita ce komawa ga tushen yankin.
“Muna noman amfanin gona da ya dace da busasshiyar ƙasa. Muna da ikon abinci da ilimin gida kan yadda za mu magance fari da rayuwa mai dorewa,” inji shi. "Muna buƙatar sake daraja ta."
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