Ina Alsina 1, Ieva Erdberga 1*, Mara Duma 2, Reinis Alksnis3 da Laila Dubova 1
1 Faculty of Agriculture, Cibiyar Ƙasa da Kimiyyar Shuka, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia,
2 Sashen Chemistry, Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technology, Jelgava, Latvia,
3 Sashen Lissafi, Faculty of Information Technologies, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, Latvia
GABATARWA
Yayin da fahimtar mahimmancin abinci don tabbatar da inganci da dorewar rayuwar ɗan adam ke ƙaruwa, matsin lamba a kan fannin aikin gona a matsayin tushen tushen tabbatar da ingancin abinci yana ƙaruwa. Tumatir, a matsayin na biyu mafi girma kayan lambu [bisa ga kididdigar Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma (FAO) na shekarar 2019], wani muhimmin bangare ne na abinci na kusan kowace kasa.
Iyakantaccen adadin kuzari, ƙarancin fiber abun ciki, da kasancewar abubuwan ma'adinai, bitamin, da phenols, irin su flavonoids, suna sa 'ya'yan tumatir su zama kyakkyawan “abinci mai aiki” wanda ke ba da fa'idodin ilimin kimiya da yawa da buƙatun abinci na yau da kullun. (1). Abubuwan da ke aiki da biochemically da aka samu a cikin tumatir, galibi saboda girman ƙarfinsu na antioxidant, ana gane su ba kawai don haɓakar lafiya gabaɗaya ba, har ma a matsayin zaɓi na warkewa daga cututtuka daban-daban, kamar su ciwon sukari, cututtukan zuciya, da guba. (2-4). Cikakke 'ya'yan itacen tumatir ya ƙunshi matsakaicin 3.0-8.88% busassun kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya ƙunshi 25% fructose, 22% glucose, 1% sucrose, 9% citric acid, 4% malic acid, 8% abubuwan ma'adinai, 8% protein, 7% pectin , 6% cellulose, 4% hemicellulose, 2% lipids, da sauran 4% su ne amino acid, bitamin, phenolic mahadi, da pigments. (5, 6). Abubuwan da ke cikin waɗannan mahadi sun bambanta dangane da genotype, yanayin girma, da matakin haɓaka 'ya'yan itace. Tsire-tsiren tumatir suna da matukar damuwa ga abubuwan muhalli, kamar yanayin haske, zafin jiki, da adadin ruwa a cikin ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin metabolism na tsire-tsire, wanda, bi da bi, yana shafar inganci da tsarin sinadaran 'ya'yan itacen. (7). Yanayin muhalli yana shafar duka ilimin halittar tumatir da kuma haɗin metabolites na sakandare. Tsire-tsire da aka girma a ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa suna amsawa ta hanyar haɓaka kayan aikin antioxidant (8).
Asalin tumatur a matsayin nau'in jinsin yana da alaƙa da yankin tsakiyar Amurka (9) da fasahohi, irin su gina wuraren zama don samar da yanayin zafi da haske ga tumatur, galibi ana buƙata don samar da yanayin da ake buƙata na agroclimatic, musamman ma a yanayin yanayin yanayi da kuma lokacin lokacin hunturu. A karkashin irin wannan yanayi, sau da yawa haske shi ne ke da iyaka ga ci gaban tumatir. Ƙarin haske a lokacin hunturu da farkon lokacin bazara yana ba da damar samar da tumatir masu inganci a lokacin ƙarancin hasken rana
(10) . Yin amfani da fitilu masu tsayi daban-daban ba zai iya tabbatar da isasshen yawan amfanin tumatir ba kawai, amma kuma ya canza tsarin kwayoyin halitta na 'ya'yan tumatir. A cikin shekaru 60 na ƙarshe, ana amfani da fitilun sodium mai ƙarfi (HPSLs) a cikin masana'antar greenhouse saboda tsayin dakawar da suke yi da ƙarancin saye.
(11) . Koyaya, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, diodes masu fitar da haske (LEDs) sun ƙara shahara azaman madadin ceton kuzari. (12). An yi amfani da ƙarin LED azaman ingantaccen tushen haske don biyan buƙatun samar da tumatir. Abubuwan da ke cikin Lycopene da lutein a cikin tumatir sun kasance 18 da 142% mafi girma lokacin da aka fallasa su ga ƙarin hasken LED. Duk da haka, в- abun ciki na carotene bai bambanta tsakanin jiyya na haske ba (12). LED blue da ja haske ya karu lycopene da в- abun ciki na carotene (13), sakamakon farkon ripening na tumatir 'ya'yan itace (14). Abubuwan da ke cikin sukari mai narkewa na cikakke 'ya'yan itacen tumatir an rage su ta tsawon lokacin haske mai tsayi-ja (FR). (15). An zana madaidaicin ƙarshe a cikin binciken da Xie ya yi: hasken ja yana haifar da tarin lycopene, amma hasken FR ya juya wannan tasirin. (13). Akwai karancin bayanai kan illar hasken shudi kan ci gaban ‘ya’yan tumatur, amma bincike ya nuna cewa hasken shudi yana da karancin tasiri kan adadin mahadi na sinadarai a cikin ‘ya’yan tumatir, amma a kan kwanciyar hankali. Alal misali, Kong da sauransu sun gano cewa hasken shuɗi ya fi amfani da shi don tsawaita rayuwar tumatir, saboda launin shuɗi yana ƙara ƙarfin ɗiyan itacen. (16), wanda da gaske yana nufin cewa hasken shuɗi yana rage jinkirin tsarin girma, wanda ke haifar da karuwar adadin sukari da pigments. Yin amfani da murfin greenhouse a matsayin hanyar daidaita tsarin haske yana tabbatar da irin wannan tsari. Yin amfani da shafi tare da mafi girma ja da ƙananan watsa hasken shuɗi yana ƙara abun ciki na lycopene da kusan 25%. A hade tare da lokacin daukar hoto ya karu daga 11 zuwa 12 h, adadin lycopene yana ƙaruwa da kusan 70% (17). Ba koyaushe yana yiwuwa ba a cikin karatu don bambanta daidai tasirin abubuwan akan canje-canje a cikin abubuwan sinadarai na 'ya'yan tumatir. Musamman, a cikin yanayin greenhouse, ana iya ƙara abun da ke ciki na 'ya'yan itace ta yanayin zafi mai tsayi ko rage matakan ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan abubuwan na iya daidaitawa tare da genotypes musamman ga nau'i-nau'i da ci gaba (1, 18). Rashin ruwa na iya amfanar ingancin 'ya'yan itacen tumatir saboda ƙara yawan matakan daskararrun daskararru (sukari, amino acid, da Organic acid), waɗanda manyan mahadi ne da aka tara a cikin 'ya'yan itace. Yunƙurin daskararru mai narkewa yana inganta ingancin 'ya'yan itace saboda yana shafar dandano da dandano (8).
Duk da sakamakon da aka ruwaito na bakan haske a kan tarin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, ana buƙatar ƙarin sani game da tasirin bakan don inganta ingancin tumatir. Don haka, makasudin wannan binciken shine a kimanta tasirin ƙarin hasken da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin greenhouse a kan tarin ƙwayoyin cuta na farko da na sakandare a cikin nau'ikan tumatir daban-daban. Canje-canje a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin hasken haske na iya canza abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai na farko da na biyu a cikin 'ya'yan tumatir. Ilimin da aka samu zai inganta fahimtar tasirin haske akan alakar da ke tsakanin yawan amfanin ƙasa da ingancinsa.
KAYA DA MATAKAI
Abubuwan Shuka da Yanayin Girma An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a cikin greenhouse (4 mm cell polycarbonate) na Cibiyar Ƙasa da Kimiyyar Shuka, Jami'ar Latvia na Kimiyyar Rayuwa da Fasaha 56°39'N 23°43'E a lokacin 2018/2019, 2019/2020, da 2020/2021 marigayi kaka-farkon lokacin bazara.
Tumatir da aka dasa a kasuwa (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars "Bolzano F1" (launin 'ya'yan itace-orange), "Chocomate F1" (launi na 'ya'yan itace-ja-launin ruwan kasa), da jajayen 'ya'yan itace "Diamont F1," "Encore F1," da " An yi amfani da Strabena F1". Kowace tsire-tsire tana da kawuna guda biyu kuma yayin girma, an yi trellised akan tsarin waya mai tsayi. Tsire-tsire da aka samu, da farko, an dasa su a cikin kwantena filastik 5 L baki tare da “Laflora” peat substrate KKS-2, pHKCl 5.2-6.0, da kuma juzu'i girman 0-20 mm, PG cakuda (NPK 15-1020) 1.2 kg m-3, Ca 1.78%, da kuma mg 0.21%. Lokacin da tsire-tsire suka isa anthesis, an dasa su cikin kwantena filastik baƙar fata 15 L tare da madaidaicin “Laflora” peat KKS-2. An takin tsire-tsire sau ɗaya a mako tare da maganin 1% na Kristalon Green (NPK 18-18-18) tare da Mg, S, da microelements yayin lokacin ci gaban tsire-tsire da Kristalon Red (NPK 12-12-36) tare da microelements ko 1. % Ca (NO3)2 A lokacin lokacin haifuwa, a cikin adadin 300 ml da L na substratum.
Abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa a cikin kwantena ciyayi an kiyaye su a 50-80% na cikakken ikon riƙe ruwa. Matsakaicin zafin rana/dare ya kasance 20-22°C/17-18°C.
Matsakaicin zafin rana (Maris) bai wuce 32 ba°C da ƙarancin zafin jiki (Nuwamba) a cikin dare ba <12°C. An kuma auna zafin jiki a ƙarƙashin fitilun a nesa 50, 100, da 150 cm daga hasken wuta. An gano cewa a ƙarƙashin HPSL 50 cm daga luminaire, zazzabi ya kasance 1.5°C sama da ƙarƙashin sauran. Ba a gano bambance-bambancen yanayin zafi a matakin 'ya'yan itace ba.
Yanayin Haske
An noma tumatur a lokutan kaka- bazara ta hanyar amfani da ƙarin haske tare da 16 h photoperiod. An yi amfani da hanyoyin haske daban-daban guda uku: Led cob Helle saman LED 280 (LED), fitilar induction (IND), da HPSL Helle Magna (HPSL). A tsayi koli, tsire-tsire sun sami 200 ± 30 ^mol m-2 s-1 karkashin LED da HPSL da 170 ± 30 ^mol m-2 s-1 karkashin IND fitilu. Ana nuna rarraba hasken haske a ciki1 Figures,2. An gano ƙarfin haske da rarrabuwar bakan ta hannun mitar haske mai haske ta hannu MSC15 (Gigahertz Optik GmbH, Turkenfeld, Jamus, UK).
Fitilolin da aka yi amfani da su sun banbanta wajen rarraba haskensu. Mafi kama da hasken rana a ɓangaren ja (625-700 nm) na bakan shine HPSL. Fitilar IND a cikin wannan ɓangaren bakan ya ba da ƙarancin haske 23.5%, amma LED ya kusan kusan sau 2 fiye. Hasken lemu (590-625 nm) yana fitowa galibi ta HPSL, hasken kore (500-565 nm) ya fi fitowa daga IND, hasken shuɗi (450-485 nm) ya fi fitowa ta LED, amma hasken purple (380450 nm) ya kasance. Mafi yawa daga fitilar IND. Lokacin kwatanta dukkan bakan haske na bayyane, ya kamata a yi la'akari da tushen hasken LED a matsayin mafi kusa da hasken rana kuma ya kamata a yi la'akari da IND a matsayin mafi rashin dacewa ta fuskar bakan.
Cirewa da Ƙaddamarwa na Phytochemicals
An girbe 'ya'yan itacen tumatir a kan cikakken matakin girma. Ana girbe 'ya'yan itace sau ɗaya a wata ana farawa daga tsakiyar Nuwamba zuwa ƙarshen Maris. Duk 'ya'yan itacen an ƙidaya su da nauyi. Akalla, 'ya'yan itatuwa 5 daga kowane bambance-bambance (na cv "Strabena" -8-10 'ya'yan itatuwa) an yi samfurin don nazari. An niƙa 'ya'yan tumatir a cikin puree ta hanyar amfani da blender na hannu. Ga kowane siga da aka tantance, an yi nazarin maimaitawa guda uku.
Tabbatar da Lycopene da в- Carotene
Don ƙayyade yawan ƙwayar lycopene da в-carotene, samfurin 0.5 ± 0.001 g daga tumatir puree an auna shi a cikin bututu kuma an ƙara 10 ml na tetrahydrofuran (THF). (19). An rufe bututun kuma an ajiye su a cikin dakin zafin jiki na mintina 15, suna girgiza lokaci-lokaci, kuma a ƙarshe an sanya su a tsakiya na 10 min a 5,000 rpm. An ƙaddara abin da ake samu na supernatants ta hanyar aunawa ta hanyar aunawa a 663, 645, 505, da 453 nm sannan kuma lycopene. в- abun ciki na carotene (mg 100 ml-1) an lissafta bisa ga ma'auni mai zuwa.
Clyc = -0.0458 x Аba + 0.204 x Аb45 + 0.372 x A5050.0806 x A453 (1)
Cmota = 0.216 x A663 1.22 x A645 0.304 x A505+ 0.452 x A453 (2)
inda A663, A645, A505, da A453 - sha a daidai tsayin raƙuman ruwa. (20).
lycopene da в- an bayyana adadin carotene a matsayin mg gF-M1 .
Ƙaddamar da Jimillar phenols
Wani samfurin 1 ± 0.001 g daga tumatir puree an auna shi a cikin bututu da aka kammala da kuma 10 ml na sauran ƙarfi (methanol / ruwa mai narkewa / hydrochloric acid 79: 20: 1). An rufe bututun da aka kammala karatun kuma an girgiza na minti 60 a minti 20°C a cikin duhu sannan kuma a tsakiya na 10 min a 5,000 rpm. An ƙayyade jimlar phenol ta amfani da hanyar Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric (21) tare da wasu gyare-gyare: Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (diluted 10-fold in distilled water) an ƙara zuwa 0.5 ml na tsantsa kuma bayan 3 min ƙara 2 ml na sodium carbonate (Na2CO3(75 gl-1). An haɗu da samfurin kuma bayan 2 h a cikin dakin da zafin jiki a cikin duhu, an auna abin sha a 760 nm. An ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdige yawan ma'auni na phenolic ta hanyar amfani da madaidaicin daidaitawa kuma an sami daidaito 3, kuma an bayyana shi azaman galic acid daidai (GAE) a kowace g 100 na adadin tumatir.
0.556 x (A760 + 0.09) x 100
Phe = 0.556 × (A760 + 0.09) × 100/m (3)
ku A760-sha a daidai tsayin raƙuman ruwa da m- yawan samfurin.
Tabbatar da Flavonoids
An auna samfurin 1 ± 0.001 g daga tumatir puree a cikin bututu mai digiri kuma an ƙara 10 ml ethanol. An rufe bututun da aka kammala karatun kuma an girgiza na minti 60 a minti 20oC a cikin duhu sannan kuma a tsakiya na 10 min a 5,000 rpm. Hanyar launi (22) An yi amfani dashi don ƙayyade flavonoids tare da ƙananan canje-canje: 2 ml na ruwa mai narkewa da 0.15 ml na 5% sodium nitrite (NaNO)2) an ƙara bayani zuwa 0.5 ml na tsantsa. Bayan minti 5, 0.15-mL na 10% maganin aluminum chloride (AlCl).3) aka kara. An ba da izinin cakuda ya tsaya don wani minti 5 kuma an ƙara 1mL 1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH). An haɗu da samfurin kuma bayan 15 min a dakin da zafin jiki, an auna abin sha a 415 nm. An ƙididdige jimlar ƙwayar flavonoid ta hanyar amfani da madaidaicin daidaitawa da kuma Equation 4 kuma an bayyana shi azaman adadin catechin kwatankwacin (CEs) a kowace g 100 na nauyin tumatir.
Fla = 0.444 × A415 × 100/m (4)
ku A415- sha a daidai tsayin raƙuman ruwa da kuma m - yawan samfurin.
Ƙaddamar da Dry Matter da Soluble Solids An ƙayyade busassun busassun samfuran bushewa a cikin ma'aunin zafi da sanyio a60oC.
Jimlar abun ciki mai narkewa (an bayyana kamar ◦An auna Brix) tare da refractometer (A.KRUSS Optronic Digital Handheld Refractometer Dr301-95) wanda aka daidaita a 20oC tare da distilled ruwa.
Ƙaddamar da Titratable Acidity (TA)
Samfurin 2 ± 0.01 g daga tumatir puree an auna shi a cikin bututu da aka kammala kuma an ƙara ruwa mai narkewa har zuwa 20 ml. An rufe bututun da aka kammala karatun kuma an girgiza su na tsawon mintuna 60 a zazzabi na ɗaki sannan a sanya su a tsakiya na 10 min a 5,000 rpm. 5 ml aliquots an titrated tare da 0.1 M NaOH a gaban phenolphthalein.
TA = VNaOH × Vt/Vs × m (5)
ku VNaoH-ƙarar da aka yi amfani da ita 0.1 M NaOH, Vt - jimlar girma (20 ml), da Vs-samfurin girma (5 mL).
Ana bayyana sakamakon a matsayin MG na citric acid a cikin 100 g na sabon nauyin tumatir. 1 ml 0.1 M NaOH yayi daidai da 6.4 MG citric acid.
Ƙayyade Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (TI)
An ƙididdige ATI ta amfani da ma'auni 6 (23).
TI = ◦Brix/(20 × TA)+ TA (6)
Nazarin ilimin lissafi
An gwada daidaito da kamanni na ƙididdiga masu siffatawa don lura 354. An yi amfani da gwajin Shapiro-Wilk don kimantawa na al'ada a cikin kowane nau'i na nau'in nau'i da kuma hasken haske. Don kimanta kamanni na bambance-bambancen, an gudanar da gwajin Levene. An yi amfani da gwajin Kruskal-Wallis don bincika bambance-bambance tsakanin yanayin haske. Lokacin da aka gano bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci, an yi amfani da gwajin Wilcoxon post-hoc tare da gyaran Bonferroni don kwatance biyu. Mahimman matakin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin rubutu, teburi da jadawali shine a = 5%, sai dai in an bayyana in ba haka ba.
Sakamakon
Girman 'ya'yan itacen tumatir da sigogin sinadarai na 'ya'yan itace suna da ƙayyadaddun sigogi na kwayoyin halitta, amma yanayin noma yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan waɗannan siffofi. Ana girbe 'ya'yan itatuwa mafi girma daga "Diamont" (88.3 ± 22.9 g) kuma ana girbe 'ya'yan itace mafi ƙanƙara daga "Strabena" (13.0 ± 3.8g), waɗanda nau'in tumatir ceri ne. Girman 'ya'yan itacen a cikin nau'in iri shima ya bambanta daga lokacin girbi. An girbe 'ya'yan itatuwa mafi girma a farkon samarwa kuma girman tumatir ya ragu yayin da tsire-tsire suke girma. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura da cewa tare da karuwar yawan hasken halitta a ƙarshen Maris, girman tumatir ya ƙaru kaɗan.
A cikin dukkanin shekaru uku, an girbe mafi girman yawan tumatir ta amfani da HPSL azaman ƙarin haske. Rage yawan amfanin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin LED's shine 16.0%, kuma ƙarƙashin IND - 17.7% idan aka kwatanta da HPSL. Daban-daban nau'ikan tumatir sun amsa daban-daban ga ƙarin haske. Haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa, kodayake ƙididdiga ba ta da mahimmanci, an lura da cv “Strabena”, “Chocomate” da “Diamont” ƙarƙashin LEDs. Don cv "Bolzano" babu LED ko IND ƙarin haske da ya dace, an lura da raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa da kashi 25-31%.
A matsakaita, manyan 'ya'yan itãcen marmari sun ƙunshi ƙananan busassun kwayoyin halitta da daskararru masu narkewa, ba su da daɗi sosai, kuma sun ƙunshi ƙarancin carotenoids da phenols. Abinda ya fi dacewa da girman 'ya'yan itace shine abun ciki na acid. Ana lura da babban alaƙa tsakanin busasshen busassun abu da abun ciki mai narkewa mai narkewa da TI (rn=195 > 0.9). Matsakaicin daidaituwa tsakanin busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun abun ciki da daskararru mai narkewa da carotenoid (lycopene da carotene) da abun ciki na phenol yana tsakanin 0.7 da 0.8 (Figure 3).
Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa, ko da yake bambance-bambance a cikin sigogin da aka yi nazari tsakanin fitilun da ake amfani da su a wasu lokuta suna da girma, akwai 'yan irin waɗannan sigogi da za su canza sosai a ƙarƙashin tasirin hasken da ake amfani da su a duk lokacin girma da kuma la'akari da iri-iri da uku. yanayi girma (Table 1). Ana iya bayyana cewa tumatur na duk nau'ikan da aka shuka a ƙarƙashin HPSL suna da ƙarin busassun kwayoyin halitta (Table 1da kumaFigure 5).
Sabbin Nauyi, Busassun Matter, Da Soluble Solids
Nauyin da girman 'ya'yan itace ya dogara sosai akan yanayin girma na shuka. Ko da yake akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'ikan, matsakaicin 'ya'yan itacen tumatir da ke girma a ƙarƙashin fitilun induction ya kasance 12% karami fiye da ƙarƙashin HPSL ko LED. Daban-daban iri suna da kama da amsa daban-daban ga ƙarin hasken LED. An kafa manyan 'ya'yan itatuwa a ƙarƙashin LEDs ta "Chocomate" da "Diamont," amma nauyin nauyin "Bolzano" yana kan matsakaici kawai 72% na nauyin tumatir a ƙarƙashin HPSL. 'Ya'yan itãcen "Encore" da "Strabena" da aka girma a ƙarƙashin LED da ƙarin hasken IND suna kama da nauyi kuma suna da 10 da 7% karami, bi da bi, fiye da tumatir da aka girma a ƙarƙashin HPSL. (Figure 4).
Abubuwan busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun abu ne masu nuna ingancin 'ya'yan itace. Yana da alaƙa da abun ciki mai narkewa mai narkewa kuma yana rinjayar dandano tumatir. A cikin gwaje-gwajenmu, busassun busassun abun ciki na tumatir sun bambanta tsakanin 46 da 113 MG g-1. Mafi girman abun ciki busassun (a matsakaita 95 MG-1) an samo shi don nau'in ceri "Strabena." Daga cikin sauran nau'ikan tumatir, mafi girman abun ciki busassun abu (a matsakaici 66 MG-1) an samo shi a cikin "Chocomate" (Figure 5).
A lokacin gwajin, abun ciki na kwayoyin acid, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin citric acid (CA) daidai a cikin tumatir, matsakaicin daga 365 zuwa 640 mg 100 g.-1 . An samo mafi girman abun ciki na kwayoyin acid a cikin cv tumatir ceri "Strabena," matsakaicin 596 ± 201 mg CA 100 g-1, amma mafi ƙasƙanci abun ciki na Organic acid an samo shi a cikin 'ya'yan itace mai launin rawaya cv "Bolzano," matsakaicin 545 ± 145 mg CA 100 g-1. Abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin acid sun bambanta sosai ba kawai tsakanin nau'ikan ba, har ma tsakanin lokutan samfur; duk da haka, a matsakaita, an sami mafi girman abun ciki na kwayoyin acid a cikin tumatir da aka girma a ƙarƙashin fitilun IND (wuce HPSL da LED da 10.2%).
A matsakaita, an sami mafi girman abun cikin busasshen busasshen a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa da aka girma a ƙarƙashin HPSL. A ƙarƙashin fitilar IND, busassun busassun abun ciki na 'ya'yan itacen tumatir yana raguwa da 4.7-16.1%, ƙasa da LED na 9.9-18.2%. Ire-iren da ake amfani da su a cikin gwaje-gwajen sun bambanta da haske. An lura da mafi ƙarancin raguwa a cikin busassun busassun yanayi daban-daban don cv "Strabena" (5.8% don IND da 11.1% don LED, bi da bi) kuma an sami raguwa mafi girma a cikin busassun busassun a ƙarƙashin yanayin haske daban-daban don cv"Diamont"(16.1% da 18.2) .XNUMX% bi da bi).
A matsakaita, abubuwan daskararru masu narkewa sun bambanta tsakanin 3.8 da 10.2 ◦Brix. Hakazalika, don bushewa, an gano mafi girman abun ciki mai narkewa a cikin ƙwayar tumatir ceri "Strabena" (a matsakaita 8.1 ± 1.0 ◦Brix). Tumatir cv “Diamont” shine mafi ƙarancin zaki (a matsakaita 4.9 ± 0.4 ◦Brix).
Ƙarin hasken wuta yana da tasiri sosai akan abubuwan daskararrun abubuwan daskararrun cultivars "Bolzano," "Diamont," da "Encore." A ƙarƙashin hasken LED, abubuwan daskararru masu narkewa a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan sun ragu sosai idan aka kwatanta da HPSL. Tasirin fitilar IND ya ragu. A karkashin wannan yanayin haske, girma tumatir na cv "Bolzano" da "Strabena" yana da matsakaicin 4.7 da 4.3% fiye da yadda ake noman HPSL. Abin takaici, wannan haɓaka ba shi da mahimmanci a ƙididdiga (Figure 6).
Tumatir TI ya bambanta daga 0.97 zuwa 1.38. Mafi dadi shine tumatir na cv "Strabena," a matsakaita TI shine 1.32 ± 0.1 kuma mafi ƙarancin ɗanɗano shine tumatir na cv "Diamont," a matsakaicin TI shine kawai 1.01 ± 0.06. Babban TI yana da tumatir cultivar "Bolzano," a kan matsakaici TI (1.12 ± 0.06), sannan "Chocomate," a matsakaici TI (1.08 ± 0.06).
A matsakaita, tushen hasken wutar lantarki ba ya shafar TI sosai, ban da cv "Strabena," inda 'ya'yan itatuwa a ƙarƙashin fitilar IND.
TAMBAYA 1 | P-darajar (gwajin Kruskal-Wallis) na tasirin ƙarin hasken wuta daban-daban akan ingancin 'ya'yan tumatir (n = 118).
siga |
"Bolzano" |
"Chocomate" |
"Encore" |
"Diamont" |
"Strabena |
Nauyin 'ya'yan itace |
0.013 * |
0.008 ** |
0.110 |
0.400 |
0.560 |
Bushewar al'amari |
0.022 * |
0.013 * |
0.011 * |
0.001 ** |
0.015 * |
Daskararru masu narkewa |
0.027 * |
0.030 |
0.030 * |
0.001 ** |
0.270 |
Wuya |
0.078 |
0.022 |
0.160 |
0.001 ** |
0.230 |
Indexididdigar ɗanɗano |
0.370 |
0.140 |
0.600 |
0.001 ** |
0.023 * |
Lycopene |
0.052 |
0.290 |
0.860 |
0.160 |
0.920 |
- carotene |
<0.001 *** |
0.007 ** |
0.940 |
0.110 |
0.700 |
Phenols |
0.097 |
0.750 |
0.450 |
0.800 |
0.420 |
flavonoids |
0.430 |
0.035 * |
0.720 |
0.440 |
0.170 |
Matakan mahimmanci"**"0.001,"**"0.01, da"*"0.05. |
|
samun karuwar TI idan aka kwatanta da HPSL da 7.4% (LED ta 4.2%) idan aka kwatanta da HPSL da cv "Diamont" a ƙarƙashin duka yanayin hasken da aka ambata a baya ya ragu da 5.3 da 8.4%, bi da bi, an gano.
Abubuwan da ke cikin Carotenoids
Matsakaicin Lycopene a cikin tumatir ya bambanta daga 0.07 (cv “Bolzano”) zuwa 7 MG 100 g.-1 FM ("Strabena"). Dan kadan mafi girma abun ciki na lycopene idan aka kwatanta da "Diamont" (4.40 ± 1.35 mg 100 g-1 FM) da "Encore" (4.23 ± 1.33 MG 100 g-1 FM) an samo shi a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa masu launin ruwan kasa na "Chocomate" (4.74 ± 1.48 mg 100 g-1 FM).
A matsakaita, 'ya'yan itatuwa daga tsire-tsire da aka girma a ƙarƙashin fitilun IND sun ƙunshi 17.9% ƙarin lycopene idan aka kwatanta da HPSL. Hasken LED ya kuma inganta haɓakar lycopene, amma a ɗan ƙarami, ta matsakaicin 6.5%. Tasirin hanyoyin haske ya bambanta dangane da cultivar. An lura da mafi girman bambance-bambance a cikin biosynthesis na lycopene don "Chocomate." Haɓaka abun ciki na lycopene a ƙarƙashin IND idan aka kwatanta da HPSL shine 27.2% kuma ƙasa da LED da 13.5%. "Strabena" ya kasance mafi ƙarancin hankali, tare da canje-canje na 3.2 da -1.6%, bi da bi, idan aka kwatanta da HPSL. (Figure 7). Duk da ingantacciyar sakamako mai gamsarwa, sarrafa lissafin bayanan bai tabbatar da amincinsa ba (Table 1).
Yayin gwajin, в- abun ciki na carotene a cikin tumatir matsakaici daga 4.69 zuwa 9.0 MG 100 g-1 FM. Mafi girma вAn samo abun ciki na carotene a cikin cv tumatir ceri "Strabena," matsakaicin 8.88 ± 1.58 mg 100 g-1 FM, amma mafi ƙasƙanci вAn samo abun ciki na carotene a cikin cv 'ya'yan itace rawaya "Bolzano," matsakaicin 5.45 ± 1.45 mg 100 g-1 FM.
An sami bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin abun ciki na carotene tsakanin nau'ikan da aka girma a ƙarƙashin ƙarin haske daban-daban. Cv "Bolzano" wanda aka girma a ƙarƙashin LED yana nuna raguwa mai yawa a cikin abun ciki na carotene (da 18.5% idan aka kwatanta da HPSL), yayin da "Chocomate" yana da mafi ƙarancin carotene a ƙasa da HPSL a cikin 'ya'yan tumatir (5.32 ± 1.08 mg 100 g FM).-1) kuma an karu da kashi 34.3% karkashin LED da 46.4 % karkashin fitilun IND (Figure 8).
Jimlar Abubuwan Abubuwan Phenolic da Flavonoids
Abubuwan phenol na 'ya'yan tumatir sun bambanta akan matsakaita daga 27.64 zuwa 56.26 mg GAE 100 g-1 FM (Table 2). Ana lura da mafi girman abun ciki na phenol don nau'in "Strabena" kuma ana lura da mafi ƙarancin abun ciki na phenol don nau'in "Diamont." Abubuwan da ke cikin phenol na tumatir sun bambanta bisa ga lokacin girma na 'ya'yan itace, don haka akwai manyan canje-canje tsakanin lokutan samfur daban-daban. Wannan yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa bambance-bambance tsakanin tumatir da aka girma a ƙarƙashin fitilu daban-daban ba su da mahimmanci.
Kodayake bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin ƙarin bambance-bambancen haske suna bayyana ne kawai a cikin yanayin CV "Chocomate," matsakaicin abun ciki na flavonoid na 'ya'yan itatuwa da aka girma a ƙarƙashin fitilar shine 33.3%, amma ƙasa da LED da 13.3% mafi girma. A ƙarƙashin fitilun IND, ana lura da manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'ikan, amma a ƙarƙashin LED, bambancin yana cikin kewayon 10.3-15.6%.
Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa nau'in tumatir daban-daban suna amsa daban-daban ga ƙarin hasken da ake amfani da su.
Ba'a ba da shawarar girma cv "Bolzano" a ƙarƙashin LED ko fitilar IND saboda a cikin wannan hasken, sigogi suna kama da waɗanda aka samu a ƙarƙashin HPSL ko ƙananan ƙananan. A ƙarƙashin fitilun LED, nauyin 'ya'yan itace ɗaya, busassun kwayoyin halitta, abun ciki mai narkewa, da carotene suna raguwa sosai. ( Figure 9 ).
TAMBAYA 2 | Abun ciki na jimlar phenolics [mg gallic acid daidai (GAE) 100 g-1 FM] da flavonoids [mg citric acid (CA) 100 g-1 FM] a cikin 'ya'yan tumatir da aka girma a ƙarƙashin ƙarin haske daban-daban.
siga |
"Bolzano" |
"Chocomate" |
"Encore" |
"Diamont" |
"Strabena" |
Phenols |
|||||
HPSL |
36.33 ± 5.34 |
31.23 ± 5.67 |
27.64 ± 7.12 |
30.26 ± 5.71 |
48.70 ± 11.24 |
ind |
33.21 ± 4.05 |
34.77 ± 6.39 |
31.00 ± 6.02 |
30.63 ± 5.11 |
56.26 ± 13.59 |
LED |
36.16 ± 6.41 |
31.70 ± 6.80 |
30.44 ± 3.01 |
30.98 ± 6.52 |
52.57 ± 10.41 |
flavonoids |
|||||
HPSL |
4.50 ± 1.32 |
3.78 ± 0.65a |
2.65 ± 1.04 |
2.57 ± 1.15 |
5.17 ± 2.33 |
ind |
4.57 ± 0.75 |
5.24 ± 0.79b |
4.96 ± 1.46 |
2.84 ± 0.67 |
6.65 ± 1.64 |
LED |
4.96 ± 1.08 |
4.37 ± 1.18ab |
3.02 ± 1.04 |
2.88 ± 1.08 |
5.91 ± 1.20 |
Hanyoyi daban-daban masu mahimmanci ana lakafta su da haruffa daban-daban. |
Ba kamar "Bolzano," "Chocomate" a ƙarƙashin hasken LED yana ƙara nauyin 'ya'yan itace guda ɗaya kuma adadin carotene yana ƙaruwa. Sauran sigogin da ba a haɗa busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun abubuwa da daskararru masu narkewa suma sun fi na 'ya'yan itatuwa da aka samu a ƙarƙashin HPSL. A cikin yanayin wannan nau'in, fitilar induction kuma tana nuna sakamako mai kyau (Figure 9).
Don cv "Diamont," alamun da ke ƙayyade kaddarorin dandano suna raguwa sosai a ƙarƙashin hasken LED, amma abun ciki na pigments da flavonoids yana ƙaruwa. (Figure 9).
Cultivars "Encore" da "Strabena" sune mafi rashin amsa ga ƙarin jiyya na haske. Don "Encore," kawai siga mai mahimmanci wanda hasken bakan LED ya shafa shine abun ciki mai narkewa. "Strabena" kuma yana da ɗan haƙuri a kan canje-canje a cikin yanayin yanayin haske. Wannan na iya zama saboda halayen kwayoyin halitta na iri-iri, saboda wannan shine kawai nau'in tumatir ceri da aka haɗa a cikin gwaji. An kwatanta shi da mahimmanci mafi girma duk sigogin da aka yi nazari. Saboda haka, ba zai yiwu a gano canje-canje a cikin sigogin da aka yi nazari a ƙarƙashin rinjayar haske ba (Figure 9).
DISCUSSION
Matsakaicin nauyin 'ya'yan tumatir ya dace da nauyin da aka nufa na iri-iri; ko da yake ba a samu ba. Wannan na iya zama saboda hanyar noma maimakon ingancin hasken wuta, saboda ana iya amfani da ƙarancin ruwa a cikin ƙaramin peat, wanda zai iya rage nauyin 'ya'yan itacen, amma ƙara haɓakar abubuwan da ke aiki da haɓaka jikewa na ɗanɗano. (24). Matsakaicin madaidaicin matsakaicin nauyin 'ya'yan itace na "Encore F1" sakamakon tushen hasken zai iya nuna juriyar wannan nau'in zuwa ingancin haske. Wannan ya dace da nazarin batun (25). Yawan amfanin tumatir da ingancin tumatir ba wai kawai ƙarfin ƙarin hasken da ake amfani da shi ba ne, amma har ma da ingancinsa. Sakamako ya nuna cewa an samu ƙarancin amfanin gona a ƙarƙashin fitilun IND. Koyaya, yana iya yiwuwa ƙaramin sakamako ya nuna saboda ƙaramin ƙarfin fitilun induction duk da cewa babban fasalin fitilun induction shine mafi girman koren raƙuman raƙuman ruwa. Bayanai sun nuna cewa karuwar yawan jajayen haske na taimakawa wajen karuwar sabbin nau'in tumatir, amma ba ya shafar karuwar busasshen abun ciki. Da alama jajayen hasken ya tada karuwar yawan ruwa a cikin tumatir. Sabanin haka, haɓakar hasken shuɗi yana rage busasshen abun ciki na duk nau'in tumatir. Mafi ƙanƙanci shine launin tumatir cultivar "Balzano". Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa photosynthesis a ƙarƙashin haɗin ja da haske mai launin shuɗi yana nufin ya fi girma fiye da hasken HPS, amma yawan 'ya'yan itace daidai yake. (12). Olle da kuma Virsile (26) An gano cewa jajayen ledoji suna haɓaka yawan amfanin gonar tumatir kuma hakan ya jadada sakamakon bincikenmu wanda ya bayyana cewa gabaɗaya tare da ƙara yawan raƙuman ruwa yana ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa. A irin wannan ra'ayi, Zhang et al. (14) ya bayyana cewa ko da ƙara FR haske a hade tare da jajayen LEDs da HPSL yana ƙara yawan adadin 'ya'yan itace. Ƙarin haske mai launin shuɗi da jajayen LED ya haifar da farkon farkon 'ya'yan tumatir. Wannan na iya nuna dalilin da ya fi girma yawan 'ya'yan itace a ƙarƙashin LEDs don "Chocomate F1" da "Diamont F1" cultivars, tun farkon ripening ya haifar da saitin sabbin 'ya'yan itace a baya. Dangane da yawan amfanin ƙasa, bayananmu sun nuna cewa ba haɓakar jajayen haske ba ne ya fi mahimmanci wajen haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa, amma ƙara yawan hasken ja akan hasken shuɗi.
Tun da daya daga cikin ƙaunataccen halayen tumatir na abokin ciniki shine zaki, yana da muhimmanci a fahimci hanyoyin da za a iya inganta wannan fasalin. Duk da haka, yawanci ana canza shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban na muhalli (27). Akwai shaidun cewa ingantaccen abun da ke ciki na haske kuma yana shafar abun ciki na sinadarai na 'ya'yan tumatir. Abubuwan da ke cikin sukari mai narkewa na cikakke 'ya'yan tumatir an rage su ta tsawon tsawon haske na FR (15). Kong et al. (16) Sakamako ya nuna cewa maganin haske mai launin shuɗi ya haifar da ƙarin jimillar daskararru. Abubuwan da ke cikin sukari a cikin tsire-tsire suna ƙaruwa da haske kore, shuɗi da ja (28). Gwaje-gwajenmu ba su tabbatar da hakan ba, saboda haɓaka duka shuɗi da haske ja daban-daban sun rage abun ciki mai narkewa a mafi yawan lokuta. Sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa an sami mafi girman matakin sukari mai narkewa a ƙarƙashin HPSL wanda ke kawo mafi girman adadin ja fiye da sauran fitilun kuma yana ɗaga zafin jiki kusa da fitilu. Wannan ya dace da binciken da aka yi a baya inda binciken Erdberga et al. (29) ya nuna cewa abun ciki na sukari mai narkewa, acid Organic yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙara yawan allurai na ja. An samu irin wannan sakamako a cikin wasu nazarin. An sami mafi girman nauyin 'ya'yan itacen tumatir a cikin tsire-tsire masu haske tare da fitilun HPS idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire daga fitilun LED (8.7-12.2% dangane da cultivar) (30).
Duk da haka, nazarin Dzakovich et al. (31) ya tabbatar da cewa ƙarin ingancin haske (HPSL ta hanyar LEDs) bai yi tasiri sosai akan physicochemical (jimlar daskararrun daskararru, titratable acidity, abun ciki na ascorbic acid, pH, jimlar phenolics, da fitattun flavonoids da carotenoids) ko abubuwan azanci na tumatir da suka girma. Wannan yana nuna cewa adadin sukari mai narkewa a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa na iya shafar ba kawai ta hanyar abubuwan mutum ba, har ma ta hanyar haɗuwa. Har ila yau, a cikin gwaje-gwajenmu ba zai yiwu a sami daidaituwa tsakanin tasirin haske akan abun ciki na acid ba. Musamman ma, bincike na gaba ya kamata ya mayar da hankali ba kawai akan dangantakar da ke tsakanin nau'in halitta da haske ba, har ma a kan dangantakar da ke tsakanin cultivar da haske. Abubuwan busassun busassun abu sun fi girma a cikin "Chocomate F1" da "Strabena F1." Wannan ya dace da Kurina et al. (6), inda a matsakaita, jajayen launin ruwan kasa sun tara busassun kwayoyin halitta (6.46%). Nazarin Duma et al. (32) ya nuna cewa lokacin kwatanta yawan 'ya'yan itatuwa da TI, ana lura da cewa mafi girma TI shine ƙarami ko girma tumatir. Gwaje-gwaje na Rodica et al. (23) ya nuna cewa tumatur mai launin ceri da launin ruwan kasa sun ƙunshi daskararru masu narkewa. A cikin wannan binciken, an jadada cewa adadin abubuwan da ke tabbatar da ɗanɗanon 'ya'yan itace ya dogara da yawan amfanin gonar.
Bayyanawa ga ƙarin haske na LED ja da shuɗi yana ƙara lycopene da в- abun ciki na carotene (13, 29, 33, 34). Dannehl et al. (12) Nazarin ya nuna cewa abubuwan da ke cikin lycopene da lutein a cikin tumatir sun kasance 18 da 142% mafi girma lokacin da aka fallasa su ga na'urar LED. Duk da haka, в- abun ciki na carotene bai bambanta tsakanin jiyya na haske ba. Ntaggas et al. (35) ya nuna cewa zeaxanthin, samfurin na в-carotene canza, yana ƙaruwa a cikin 'ya'yan itacen tumatir a ƙarƙashin haske mai launin shuɗi da fari. A cikin wannan binciken, waɗannan maganganun wani ɓangare na gaskiya ne kawai idan akwai "Bolzano F1" inda aka sami adadin lycopene mai girma a ƙarƙashin maganin LED, amma в- carotene ya ba da amsa mara kyau ga wannan magani. Wannan na iya zama saboda siffofin kwayoyin halitta tun da "Bolzano F1" shuka ce kawai ta 'ya'yan itace orange a cikin wannan binciken. A wasu nazarin, tare da ja-ya'yan itace da launin ruwan kasa, mafi yawan adadin lycopene da в-An samo carotene a ƙarƙashin fitilun Induction waɗanda ba su tabbatar da yanayin shekarun da suka gabata ba (29). Gwaje-gwajenmu sun nuna cewa abun ciki na lycopene na duk jajayen tumatur na 'ya'yan itace ya karu tare da karuwar hasken shuɗi. Sabanin haka, canje-canje a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin carotene a cikin nau'ikan iri daban-daban sun kasa kafa tsarin yau da kullun ga duk nau'in tumatir da aka yi amfani da su a cikin gwaje-gwajen. Wannan bambance-bambancen yana nuna buƙatar ƙarin gwaji na batun nan gaba. Irin wannan tsari na mayar da martani ga haske saboda siffofin cultivar an lura da adadinofphenolsandflavonoids. Duk 'ya'yan itatuwa masu launin ja da launin ruwan kasa sun nuna sakamako mafi kyau a karkashin fitilu na IND, yayin da "Bolzano F1" ya amsa da sakamako mafi girma ga HPSL da fitilun LED ba tare da wani bambanci ba. Wannan binciken ya yi daidai da binciken Kong: kulawar haske mai launin shuɗi ya haifar da ƙarin maida hankali ga mahaɗan phenolic (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, da rutin) (16). Ci gaba da ja haske yana ƙara yawan lycopene, в-carotene, jimlar phenolic abun ciki, jimlar flavonoid maida hankali, da kuma antioxidant aiki a cikin tumatir (36). A cikin karatunmu na baya, flavonoids sun canza canzawa; sabili da haka, ba za a lura da tasirin tsayin haske mai mahimmanci ba.
Adadin phenol yana ƙaruwa tare da girman girman shuɗi mai haske wanda fitilolin LED ke bayarwa (29), wannan kuma yayi daidai da binciken mu. An ambata a cikin wasu ayyukan masu bincike cewa fallasa zuwa ko dai UV ko LED haske ba shi da wani tasiri a kan jimlar phenolic mahadi, duk da cewa duka hasken jiyya an san su canza yanayin da tsararru na kwayoyin da hannu a cikin biosynthesis ofphenolic mahadi da carotenoids. (36). Ya kamata a ambaci cewa kamar haka tare da nauyin 'ya'yan itace, babu wani bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin mahadi masu sinadaran "Encore F1" saboda maganin haske. Wannan yana ba da damar ayyana cewa cultivar "Encore F1" zai iya jure wa abun da ke ciki na haske. Gwaje-gwajenmu sun tabbatar da bayanan wallafe-wallafen cewa haɓakar haɓakar metabolites na biyu yana haɓaka ta duka adadin adadin haske mai shuɗi da kuma ƙara yawan hasken shuɗi a cikin tsarin hasken gabaɗaya.
Sakamakon da aka samu ya nuna cewa abubuwan da suka hada da sinadarai, ciki har da sukari mai narkewa da acid da rabonsu, waɗanda ke da alhakin halayen ɗanɗano iri-iri, sun dogara da farko akan kwayoyin halittar iri-iri. Kyakkyawan dandano tumatir yana da alaƙa ba kawai ta hanyar haɗuwa da takamaiman pigments da abubuwa masu aiki na ilimin halitta ba, har ma da adadin su. Musamman ma, rabo da adadin acid da sugars suna nuna cikakken dandano mai inganci. A cikin wannan binciken, ingantacciyar alaƙa tsakanin sukari mai narkewa da acid titratable shine ~ 0.4, wanda ke da alaƙa da bincike na Hernandez Suarez, inda aka sami ingantacciyar alaƙa tsakanin alamomin biyu shine 0.39. (37). A cikin nazarin Dzakovich et al. (31), Tumatir da aka profiled for total soluble daskararru, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid abun ciki, pH, jimlar phenolics, da kuma fitattun flavonoids da carotenoids. Nazarin nasu ya nuna cewa ingancin ƴaƴan tumatir a cikin greenhouse yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ne kawai ta ƙarin jiyya na haske. Bugu da ƙari, bayanan masu amfani da hankali sun nuna cewa tumatir da aka girma a ƙarƙashin jiyya daban-daban na hasken haske sun yi daidai da jiyya na hasken da aka gwada. Bincike ya ba da shawarar cewa yanayin haske mai ƙarfi da ke tattare da tsarin samar da greenhouse na iya lalata tasirin tsayin daka na hasken da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin karatunsu kan takamaiman abubuwan da ke haifar da haɓakar 'ya'yan itace na biyu. (31). Wannan wani bangare ya yi daidai da wannan binciken, saboda alkalumman da aka samu ba su nuna bayyanannun al’amura marasa ma’ana ba, wadanda ke ba mu damar cewa daya daga cikin hasken ya fi amfani ga tumatir fiye da sauran. Koyaya, ana iya amfani da wasu fitilun don wasu nau'ikan, alal misali, fitilun HPSL zasu fi dacewa da “Bolzano F1” kuma ana ba da shawarar hasken LED don “Chocomate F1.” Wannan ya yi dai-dai da binciken sakamakon mabanbantan latitudes akan sinadarai na tumatir da aka yi nazarin. Bhandari etal. (38) ya fayyace cewa yayin da aka hade matsayin rana zuwa sararin sama da kuma sakamakon haka, hadewar rakuman haske da ake iya gani, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sauya sinadaran tumatir; akwai nau'ikan da ba su da kariya ga waɗannan hanyoyin. Duk waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun ba da damar yin la'akari da cewa nau'in sinadarai na tumatir ya dogara ne akan genotype, tun da dangantakar cultivars tare da abubuwan girma, musamman tare da hasken wuta, suna da tsinkayen kwayoyin halitta.
KAMMALAWA
Ire-iren tumatir daban-daban suna mayar da martani daban-daban ga ƙarin hasken da ake amfani da su. Cultivars "Encore" da "Strabena" sune mafi rashin amsawa ga ƙarin haske. Don "Encore," kawai siga mai mahimmanci wanda hasken bakan LED ya shafa shine abun ciki mai narkewa. "Strabena" kuma yana da ɗan haƙuri a kan canje-canje a cikin yanayin yanayin haske. Wannan na iya zama saboda halayen kwayoyin halitta na iri-iri, saboda wannan shine kawai nau'in tumatir ceri da aka haɗa a cikin gwaji. Ba'a ba da shawarar girma 'ya'yan itace orange cv "Bolzano" a ƙarƙashin LED ko fitilar IND saboda a cikin wannan hasken, sigogi suna a matakin HPSL ko mafi muni. Ƙarƙashin fitilun LED, nauyin 'ya'yan itace ɗaya, busassun kwayoyin halitta, abun ciki mai narkewa, da в- carotene suna raguwa sosai. The daya 'ya'yan itace nauyi da adadin в-carotene na ja-launin ruwan 'ya'yan itace cv "Chocomate" a ƙarƙashin hasken LED yana ƙaruwa sosai. Sauran sigogin da ba a haɗa busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun abubuwa da daskararru masu narkewa suma sun fi na 'ya'yan itatuwa da aka samu a ƙarƙashin HPSL.
Gwaje-gwajen sun nuna cewa HPSL yana ƙarfafa tarin ƙwayoyin cuta na farko a cikin 'ya'yan itacen tumatir. A duk lokuta, abubuwan daskarewa masu narkewa sun kasance 4.7-18.2% mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin hasken wuta.
Kamar yadda fitilun LED da IND ke fitar da kusan 20% haske mai shuɗi-violet, sakamakon ya nuna cewa wannan ɓangaren bakan yana ƙarfafa tarin abubuwan phenolic a cikin 'ya'yan itace da 1.6-47.4% idan aka kwatanta da HPSL. Abubuwan da ke cikin carotenoids a matsayin metabolites na biyu ya dogara da iri-iri da tushen haske. Irin ’ya’yan itacen jajayen suna ƙara haɗawa в- carotene a ƙarƙashin ƙarin LED da hasken IND.
Bangaren shuɗi na bakan yana taka rawa sosai wajen tabbatar da ingancin amfanin gona. Haɓakawa ko ƙididdige ƙimar sa a cikin jimlar bakan yana haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayoyin metabolites na biyu (lycopene, phenols da flavonoids), wanda ke haifar da raguwar busassun busassun busassun abun ciki mai narkewa.
Ganin babban tasirin bambancin genotypic a cikin tumatir da alaƙar haske, ya kamata a ci gaba da yin nazari a kan haɗe-haɗe na cultivars da nau'ikan hasken haske daban-daban don ƙara abun ciki na mahaɗan da ke aiki da ilimin halitta.
BAYANIN SAMUN DATA
Marubutan za su samar da danyen bayanan da ke goyan bayan ƙarshen wannan labarin, ba tare da tanadin da ya dace ba.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
IE ita ce ke kula da noman tumatir da yin samfura, aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ƙididdigar mahadi, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga rubuta rubutun. IA ta gabatar da ra'ayin, ta ba da gudummawa ga tunanin binciken da ƙira, ta kasance mai kula da samfurin tumatir, aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ƙididdigar mahadi, kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga rubuta rubutun. MD ya ba da gudummawa ga tunanin binciken da ƙira, haɓaka hanyoyin bincike, nazarin samfuran a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma ya ba da shawarwari da shawarwari. RA ta ba da gudummawa ga ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, fassarar bayanai, kuma ta ba da shawarwari da shawarwari game da rubutun. LD ya ba da gudummawar ra'ayi da ƙira na binciken, yana kula da samfurin tumatir, aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ƙididdigar mahadi, kuma ya ba da shawarwari da shawarwari game da rubutun. Duk marubuta sun ba da gudummawa ga labarin kuma sun amince da sigar rubutun da aka ƙaddamar.
FUNDING
Wannan binciken ya sami tallafin Shirin Haɗin gwiwar Rural na Latvia 2014-2020, kira 16.1 aikin Nr. 19-00-A01612-000010 Binciken sababbin hanyoyin warwarewa da sabbin hanyoyin haɓakawa don haɓakawa da haɓaka inganci a cikin sashin greenhouse na Latvia (IRIS).
nassoshi
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Rikici na sha'awa: Marubutan sun bayyana cewa an gudanar da binciken ne ba tare da wata alaƙar kasuwanci ko ta kuɗi da za a iya fassara ta a matsayin rikici mai ban sha'awa ba.
Bayanan Mawallafi: Duk da'awar da aka bayyana a cikin wannan labarin na marubutan ne kawai kuma ba lallai ba ne su wakilci ƙungiyoyin da suke da alaƙa, ko na mawallafi, masu gyara da masu dubawa. Duk wani samfurin da za a iya kimantawa a cikin wannan labarin, ko da'awar da ƙila mai ƙila ya yi, mai wallafa ba shi da garantin ko ya amince da shi.
Haƙƙin mallaka © 2022 Alsina, Erdberg, Duma, Alksnis da Dubova. Wannan labarin buɗewa ne da aka rarraba a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan Lasisin Lasisin Haɗin Haɗin Halittu (CC BY).
Sabbin damammaki a fagen abinci mai gina jiki | www.frontiersin.org