A cikin wallafe-wallafe guda biyu, masana ilimin halittu na Utrecht da abokan aiki na duniya sun bayyana hanyoyin da tsire-tsire ke amfani da su don dacewa da dumi. Abubuwan da aka gano suna ba da haske kan yadda tsire-tsire ke aiki da kyau a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mara kyau. Hakanan zai iya samar da wani tsani don shawo kan ci gaban tsire-tsire da kuma sa su zama masu juriya ga dumamar yanayi. Masu binciken sun buga sakamakonsu a cikin The Plant Journal and Nature Communications.
Polar bears a cikin hamada
Duk da haka yawancin nau'ikan tsire-tsire sun haɓaka hanyoyin da za su iya jure yanayin zafi. "Ba kamar dabbobi ba, tsire-tsire da yawa na iya daidaita yanayin jikinsu don mayar da martani ga zafi da sauran abubuwan muhalli," in ji mai bincike Martijn van Zanten, wanda ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Utrecht kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafen biyu. “Dabbobi labari ne daban-daban. A taƙaice, idan ka sanya beyar igiya a cikin jeji, har yanzu za ta yi kama da beyar polar mai kauri mai kauri. Amma idan shuka ya girma a yanayin zafi, zai daidaita siffar jikinsa daidai. Ta wannan hanyar, shukar tana ƙoƙarin yin aiki da kyau a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayi mara kyau.
Daga m zuwa buɗaɗɗen tsarin shuka
Yawancin nau'ikan tsire-tsire na iya daidaita siffar mai tushe da ganye don sa su zama masu juriya ga yanayin zafi. Wannan kuma gaskiya ne ga thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), da yawa daga cikin masana kimiyyar halittun shuka suke ɗaukarsa a matsayin ƙirar shuka da suka fi so. A cikin yanayin sanyi, waɗannan tsire-tsire suna da ƙarfi kuma suna da ganye kusa da ƙasa. Lokacin da yanayin zafi ya tashi, suna ɗaukar matsayi mafi buɗewa. Ganyayyaki, alal misali, sun zama madaidaiciya. Wannan yana rage yawan radiation kai tsaye daga rana. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwanƙarar ganye za su shimfiɗa, ƙyale iska mai yawa ya wuce ganye kuma ya watsar da zafi.
Miqewa da ake so da maras so
Duk da haka a cikin amfanin gona da (yanke) furanni, irin wannan shimfidawa sau da yawa ba a so. Masu shuka suna son sarrafa waɗannan canje-canje tunda mikewa na iya hana ingancin samfur. “Amma a lokaci guda, daidaitawa ya zama dole don sanya amfanin gona ya zama mai juriya ga yanayin zafi da ke haifar da sauyin yanayi. Ana buƙatar hakan don kiyaye samarwa cikin dogon lokaci, ”in ji Van Zanten.
Yin tsire-tsire masu jure yanayin yanayi
Van Zanten ya ce: “Yawancin amfanin gona da aka noma sun yi hasarar da za su iya amsa da kyau ga yanayin zafi mai girma,” in ji Van Zanten. "A cikin amfanin gona daban-daban, ya ɓace yayin aikin gida da kiwo tun lokacin da masu shayarwa suka fi mayar da hankali kan wasu halaye."
Yayin da sauyin yanayi ke haifar da yanayin zafi, Van Zanten ya ce ana samun karuwar bukatar sanya tsire-tsire su zama masu jure wa yanayi. “Wannan yana buƙatar sanin yadda tsire-tsire ke jure yanayin zafi. Ta yaya suke juyar da siginonin zafin jiki da suke karɓa zuwa daidaitawar girma? Binciken hanyoyin kwayoyin halittar da tsire-tsire ke daidaitawa da yanayin zafi mara kyau, yana ba da damar kayan aiki don daidaita tsarin gine-ginen amfanin gona ta hanyar kiwo."
Tsarin kwayoyin halitta yana kunna yanayin zafi
Tsire-tsire na Thale cress waɗanda ba su dace da yanayin zafi ba suna bayyana suna iya dawo da wannan ƙarfin lokacin da aka fallasa su ga wasu sinadarai. Kungiyar bincike ta kasa da kasa karkashin jagorancin Van Zanten ce ta gano hakan. Tawagar ta gwada adadi mai yawa na sinadarai akan thale cress mutant wanda ba ya saba da yanayin zafi. Sun sami wani kwayar halitta wanda zai iya 'canza' daidaitawa zuwa yanayin zafi a cikin tsire-tsire matasa, har ma da ƙananan yanayin zafi.
Masu binciken suna kiran wannan fili 'Heatin'. Ta hanyar yin gyare-gyaren sinadarai ta hanyar sinadarai sannan kuma nazarin wane sunadaran da zasu iya haɗawa da dumama, sun sami rukuni na sunadaran da ake kira nitrilases. Rukunin da aka gano an san yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin kabeji da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa, gami da thale cress.
Tare da wani kamfanin kiwo shuka, masanan halittu sun gano cewa lallai nau'in kabeji yana amsa dumama. Sun kuma gano cewa ana buƙatar nitrilases don daidaitawa zuwa babban zafin jiki, mai yiwuwa saboda suna ba da damar samar da sanannen girma auxin. Masu binciken sun buga wannan binciken a cikin The Plant Journal.
Sabuwar hanya don daidaita yanayin zafi mai girma
Buga sakamakon Heatin ya zo daidai da wani littafin, yau a cikin Nature Communications. Masana kimiyya ne suka jagoranci wannan binciken a cibiyar VIB da ke Belgium, tare da Van Zanten shi ma yana da hannu a ciki. Tawagar ta gano wani furotin da ba a bayyana shi a baya ba wanda ke tsara yadda tsire-tsire suka dace da yanayi mai zafi. Sunan sunadaran suna MAP4K4/TOT3, tare da TOT ma'anar Maƙasudin Zazzabi.
Abin sha'awa shine, tsarin da TOT3 ke jagoranta ya kasance mai zaman kansa daga duk sauran hanyoyin sigina waɗanda masana ilimin halitta suka danganta da daidaita yanayin zafi a cikin tsire-tsire. Bugu da ƙari, gyare-gyare ta hanyar TOT3 ba su bayyana sun dogara da adadin da abun da ke ciki na hasken da ke haskakawa a kan shuka ba.
Van Zanten: “Akwai babban cikas a cikin tsarin kwayoyin halitta wanda tsire-tsire ke daidaita girma zuwa canza yanayin haske da kuma yawan zafin jiki. Tare da TOT3, yanzu muna da wani abu a hannu wanda za mu iya sarrafa girma a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi, ba tare da tsoma baki kan yadda shuka ke hulɗa da haske ba."
Aikace -aikace masu fadi
"Abin da ya sa ya fi ban sha'awa," in ji Van Zanten, "shine cewa TOT3 yana taka rawa iri ɗaya wajen daidaita girma a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi a cikin thale cress da alkama. Waɗannan nau'ikan guda biyu ana raba su da juna. Don haka hakan yana ba da babbar dama ga faffadan aikace-aikace."
Madadin masu hana haɓaka girma
A ƙarshe, binciken TOT3 da rawar nitrilases na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaba da noman isassun amfanin gona, koda lokacin da yanayin zafi ya tashi saboda sauyin yanayi. Binciken ya kuma ba da dama don samar da madadin sinadarai waɗanda a yanzu ake amfani da su don hana ci gaban shuka. A matsayin misali, Van Zanten ya ambaci furanni da aka yanke, waɗanda ke ba da amsa mai ƙarfi ga canjin yanayin zafi. A cikin floraculture, saboda haka, yawancin masu hana ci gaba ana amfani da su don kiyaye tsire-tsire masu kyau da kuma m.
"Lokacin da ka sayi tulips, alal misali, har yanzu suna da ɗan gajeren kara mai kyau," in ji Van Zanten. “Amma bayan ’yan kwanaki a gidanku, sun fara rataye a gefen gilashin. Maɗaukakin yanayin zafi na cikin gida yana sa tsire-tsire su miƙe, a ƙarshe ya kai su ga yin rauni da lanƙwasa. Muna fatan sabon ilimin zai ba da gudummawa ga zaɓin sabbin nau'ikan furanni waɗanda ke shimfiɗa ƙasa ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi. Ta wannan hanyar, za mu iya rage amfani da masu hana ci gaban cutarwa."
Don ƙarin bayani:
Jami'ar Utrecht
www.uu.nl