Sachin G. Chavan (1,2,*) , Zhong-Hua Chen (1,3), Oula Ghannoum (1) , Christopher I. Cazzonelli (1) da David T. Tissue 1,2)
1. Cibiyar Kare kayan lambu ta ƙasa, Cibiyar Hawkesbury don Muhalli, Yammacin Sydney
Jami'ar, Kulle Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Ostiraliya; z.chen@westernsydney.edu.au (Z.-HC); o.ghannoum@westernsydney.edu.au (OG); c.cazzonelli@westernsydney.edu.au (CIC); d.tissue@westernsydney.edu.au (DTT)
2. Cibiyar Duniya don Ƙirƙirar Ƙaddamar Ƙasa, Hawkesbury Campus, Jami'ar Yammacin Sydney,
Richmond, NSW 2753, Ostiraliya
3. Makarantar Kimiyya, Jami'ar Yammacin Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2751, Ostiraliya
* Sadarwa: s.chavan@westernsydney.edu.au; Lambar waya: + 61-2-4570-1913
Abstract: Noman da aka kayyade yana ba da hanyar ƙarfafa samar da abinci ta fuskar sauyin yanayi
da kuma isar da lafiyayyen abinci mai ɗorewa tare da ƙarancin albarkatu. Duk da haka, don yin wannan hanyar noma
ta fuskar tattalin arziki, muna buƙatar yin la'akari da matsayin amfanin gona mai kariya a cikin mahallin da ake da shi
fasahohi da makamantansu na amfanin gonakin noma. Wannan bita yana zayyana damar da ke akwai
da kalubalen da dole ne a magance su ta hanyar ci gaba da bincike da sabbin abubuwa a cikin wannan abin ban sha'awa amma
hadadden filin a Ostiraliya. Kayan aikin gona na cikin gida an kasasu gabaɗaya zuwa uku masu zuwa
matakan ci gaban fasaha: ƙananan-, matsakaici- da fasaha mai zurfi tare da kalubale masu dacewa
wanda ke buƙatar sabbin hanyoyin warwarewa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ci gaban tsire-tsire na cikin gida da kariya
Tsarin noman amfanin gona (misali, tsadar makamashi mai yawa) sun taƙaita amfani da aikin gona na cikin gida ga ɗanɗano
'yan, amfanin gona masu daraja. Don haka, muna buƙatar haɓaka sabbin kayan amfanin gona masu dacewa da aikin gona na cikin gida
wanda zai iya bambanta da waɗanda ake buƙata don samar da filin buɗe ido. Bugu da kari, kare amfanin gona
yana buƙatar farashi mai yawa, aiki mai tsada, ƙwarewar ƙwarewa, babban ƙarfin kuzari, da kuma mahimmin ƙwaro
da kula da cututtuka da kula da inganci. Gabaɗaya, amfanin gona mai kariya yana ba da mafita mai ban sha'awa
don samar da abinci, yayin da rage sawun carbon na samar da abinci. Koyaya, don cikin gida
noman noma don yin tasiri mai kyau ga lafiyar abinci da abinci mai gina jiki a duniya
tsaro, samar da albarkatun gona iri-iri na tattalin arziki zai zama mahimmanci.
keywords: amfanin gona mai kariya; gonakin tsaye; al'adun ƙasa-ƙasa; aikin amfanin gona; noma na cikin gida;
amincin abinci; dorewar albarkatun
1. Gabatarwa
Ana sa ran yawan al'ummar duniya zai kai kusan biliyan 10 a cikin 2050, tare da yawancin ci gaban da aka yi hasashen zai faru a manyan biranen duniya [1,2]. Yayin da yawan jama'a ke karuwa, dole ne samar da abinci ya karu kuma ya dace da abinci mai gina jiki da bukatun kiwon lafiya yayin da ake cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN SDGs) [3,4]. Rage filayen noma da illolin sauyin yanayi kan aikin noma na haifar da ƙarin ƙalubale waɗanda ke tilasta yin sabbin abubuwa a tsarin samar da abinci a nan gaba don biyan buƙatu a cikin ƴan shekaru masu zuwa. Misali, gonakin Ostiraliya ana yawan fallasa su ga sauye-sauyen yanayi kuma suna da saukin kamuwa da tasirin canjin yanayi na dogon lokaci. Fari na baya-bayan nan a gabashin Ostiraliya a cikin 2018-19 da 2019-20 ya shafi kasuwancin gona da kyau, wanda hakan ya kara haifar da tasirin sauyin yanayi akan aikin gona na Ostiraliya [5].
Noman da aka kayyade, wanda kuma aka sani da noman cikin gida [6] - kama daga ƙananan fasaha na polytunnels zuwa matsakaicin fasaha, wani yanki na greenhouses da ke sarrafa muhalli, zuwa manyan gidajen gilashin 'masu hankali' da gonaki na cikin gida - na iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka amincin abinci na duniya a cikin 21st. karni. Duk da haka, yayin da hangen nesa na babban birni mai dorewa da kansa yana da ban sha'awa a matsayin hanyar tinkarar kalubale na zamani, aikin noman cikin gida bai yi daidai ba.
jin dadi da kyakkyawan fata na masu goyon bayansa. Kare amfanin gona da noma na cikin gida sun haɗa da ƙarin amfani da fasaha da aiki da kai don haɓaka amfani da ƙasa, ta haka ne ke ba da mafita masu ban sha'awa don haɓaka samar da abinci a nan gaba [7]. A duk faɗin duniya, haɓaka aikin noma na birane [8,9] ya faru sau da yawa bayan rikice-rikice na yau da kullun da / ko rikice-rikice, kamar ƙarancin haske da sarari a cikin Netherlands; rushewar masana'antar motoci a Detroit; faduwar kasuwar gidaje a gabar Tekun Gabashin Amurka; da kuma katange rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuba. Sauran
abubuwan da suka faru sun zo ta hanyar samar da kasuwanni, watau, amfanin gona mai kariya ya yaɗu a Spain [10] saboda sauƙin samun ƙasar zuwa kasuwannin Arewacin Turai. Tare da ƙalubalen da ke akwai, cutar ta COVID-19 mai gudana na iya ba da ƙarfin da ake buƙata don canza aikin noma na birane [11].
Idan har ana son noma a birane zai taka rawar gani wajen inganta samar da abinci da abinci mai gina jiki, ya kamata a bunkasa shi a duk duniya ta yadda za a samu damar noma nau’in kayayyaki cikin yanayi mai inganci da makamashi da albarkatu da tsada fiye da yadda ya kamata. a halin yanzu yana yiwuwa. Akwai ɗimbin damammaki don haɓaka yawan amfanin gona da inganci ta hanyar haɗa ci gaba a cikin sarrafa muhalli, sarrafa kwari, abubuwan mamaki da sarrafa kansa.
tare da ƙoƙarin kiwo da ke niyya halaye waɗanda ke haɓaka gine-ginen shuka, ingancin amfanin gona (dandano da abinci mai gina jiki) da yawan amfanin ƙasa. Babban bambancin amfanin gona na yanzu da masu tasowa dangane da nau'ikan amfanin gona na gargajiya, da kuma tsire-tsire na magani, ana iya girma a cikin gonakin da ake sarrafa muhalli [12,13].
Bukatar da ke gabatowa don inganta wadatar abinci a birane da rage sawun abinci na carbon za a iya magance su ta sabbin abubuwa a bangarorin abinci na noma, kamar kare amfanin gona da noman cikin gida a tsaye. Waɗannan sun fito ne daga ƙananan ramummuka na zamani tare da ƙarancin kulawar muhalli, matsakaicin fasaha, wani yanki na wuraren da ake sarrafa muhalli zuwa manyan gidajen gilashin fasaha da wuraren noma a tsaye tare da fasahar zamani. Noman da aka karewa shine sashin samar da abinci cikin sauri a Ostiraliya, dangane da sikelin samarwa da tasirin tattalin arziki [12]. Masana'antar noman amfanin gona ta Australiya ta ƙunshi manyan wuraren fasaha (17%), gidajen gilashi (20%) da tsarin samar da amfanin gona na tushen hydroponic / substrate (52%), yana nuna buƙatu da damar haɓaka fannin noma. A cikin wannan bita, mun tattauna matsayin noman da aka kayyade a cikin mahallin fasahar da ake da su da kuma daidaitattun amfanin gonakin lambu, yana bayyana dama da ƙalubalen da ake buƙatar magance ta hanyar bincike mai gudana a Ostiraliya.
2. Dabaru da Fasaha na Yanzu a cikin Kare Noma
A cikin 2019, jimillar ƙasar da aka keɓe don amfanin gona mai karewa-wanda, gabaɗaya, ya ƙunshi
noman amfanin gona a ƙarƙashin kowane nau'in abin rufewa-an kiyasta a hekta 5,630,000 (ha) a duniya [14]. An kiyasta yawan yanki na kayan lambu da ganyayen da ake nomawa a cikin gidajen gonaki (tsari na dindindin) ya kai kimanin hekta 500,000 a duniya baki daya, tare da kashi 10% na wadannan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a gidajen gilasai da kashi 90% a cikin filayen filastik [15,16]. An kiyasta yankin greenhouse na Ostiraliya yana kusa da hekta 1300, tare da manyan gine-ginen fasaha (kimanin kasuwancin mutum 14, kowannensu yana da ƙasa da hata 5) wanda ya kai kashi 17% na wannan yanki, da ƙananan fasaha / matsakaicin gine-ginen da ke lissafin 83% [17] ]. A duniya baki daya, filayen filayen filastik da gidajen gilashi sun ƙunshi kusan kashi 80% da 20%, bi da bi, na jimillar greenhouses da aka samar [16].
Noman da aka karewa shine sashin samar da abinci cikin sauri a Ostiraliya, wanda aka kiyasta kusan dala biliyan 1.5 a kowace shekara a ƙofar gona a cikin 2017. An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 30% na duk manoman Ostiraliya suna shuka amfanin gona ta wani nau'i na tsarin amfanin gona mai kariya, kuma amfanin gonakin da aka noma a ƙarƙashin rufin ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 20% na yawan adadin kayan lambu da furanni [18]. A Ostiraliya, an kiyasta yankin samar da kayan lambu na greenhouse ya fi girma ga Kudancin Ostiraliya (has 580), sannan New South Wales (500 ha) da Victoria (200 ha), yayin da Queensland, Western Australia da Tasmania ke lissafin <50 ha kowanne [17] ].
Bisa ga Littafin Ƙididdiga na Noma na Australiya (2014-2015) da tattaunawa tare da masana'antu, babban darajar samarwa (GVP) na 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu, da furanni an kiyasta don 2017. Daga cikin tsarin girma da aka tura, amfanin gona da aka girma a cikin hydroponic / substrate- tsarin samar da tushen (52%) sun kasance mafi girma, sannan waɗanda aka girma a ƙarƙashin tsarin takin ƙasa (35%), tare da haɗakar takin ƙasa da tsarin tushen tushen ruwa (11%), da kuma amfani da hydroponics/na gina jiki. fasahar fim (NFT) (2%) (Hoto 1A). Hakazalika, a cikin nau'ikan kariya, amfanin gona da aka girma a ƙarƙashin poly/gilashi (63%) sun sami GVP mafi girma, sannan waɗanda aka shuka a ƙarƙashin poly cover (23%), ƙanƙara / inuwa mai rufewa (8%) da haɗa poly/ ƙanƙara / inuwa. rufe (6%) (Hoto na 1B) [17]. A cikin Ostiraliya, ƙididdiga na GVPs na takamaiman kayan aikin lambu na kore ba a samuwa a shirye [15].
Figure 1. Jimlar yawan ƙimar amfanin gona (GVP) na amfanin gona ƙarƙashin kariyar amfanin gona (2017) ta tsarin girma (A) da kariya (B). Samar da tushen hydroponics/substrate ya haɗa da haɓakar shuka mara ƙasa ta amfani da matsakaici mara ƙarfi kamar rockwool. Samar da ƙasa/tushen taki ya haɗa da haɓaka tsiro ta amfani da ƙasa tare da takin zamani (haɗin aikin taki da ruwa). Fasahar fim ɗin hydroponics/na gina jiki (NFT) ta haɗa da zagayawa rafin ruwa mara zurfi mai ɗauke da narkar da sinadirai waɗanda ke ratsa tushen tsirrai a cikin tashoshi marasa ruwa. 'Poly' yana nufin polycarbonate.
Rubutun ƙanƙara/inuwa, yawanci na raga ko zane, suna kare amfanin gona daga ƙanƙara da kuma toshe adadin haske mai yawa. $ yana nufin AUD.
Daga cikin wuraren da ake sarrafawa a cikin Amurka, gilashin ko polycarbonate (poly) greenhouses (47%) sun fi kowa fiye da gonaki na cikin gida (30%), ƙananan gidaje na filastik filastik (12%), gonakin kwantena (7% ) da tsarin al'adun zurfin ruwa na cikin gida (4%). Daga cikin tsarin girma, hydroponics (49%) ya fi kowa fiye da tushen ƙasa (24%), aquaponic (15%), aeroponic (6%) da tsarin matasan (aeroponics, hydroponics, ƙasa) tsarin (6%) [19,20].
Ostiraliya tana da ƙalilan da suka kafa manyan gonaki a tsaye, galibi saboda gaskiyar cewa tana da ƴan birane masu yawa. Duk da haka, Ostiraliya tana da kusan yanki mai hamada 1000 [16,17] kuma fitar da sabbin kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa ya ƙaru sosai daga 2006 zuwa 2016 don Ostiraliya [16] tare da haɓaka noman ƙasa. Ko da yake Ostiraliya ta yi babban farawa a cikin noma na cikin gida kuma sashin yana da yuwuwar haɓaka girma, yana buƙatar lokaci don girma da haɓaka haɓaka don zama babban ɗan wasa a sikelin duniya. A halin yanzu, ana iya rarraba wuraren gona na cikin gida masu dogaro da kasuwanci zuwa matakai uku masu zuwa na ci gaban fasaha: ƙananan, matsakaici- da fasaha mai zurfi. An tattauna kowannensu dalla-dalla a cikin sassan da ke gaba.
2.1. Sabbin Fasaha don Ƙananan Tech Poly-Tunnels
Wuraren da ba su da ƙarancin fasaha waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar mafi girma ga noman amfanin gona suna da iyakoki da yawa waɗanda ke buƙatar hanyoyin fasaha don taimakawa a canjin su zuwa wurare masu matsakaici ko manyan fasaha waɗanda ke samar da ingantaccen amfanin gona tare da ƙarancin albarkatu. Ƙananan-fasaha-fasahar poly-tunnels suna lissafin 80-90% na yawan amfanin gona na greenhouse a duniya [20] da kuma a Ostiraliya [17]. Idan aka yi la’akari da ɗimbin ɗimbin ƙananan hanyoyin fasahar kere-kere a fannin noman da aka kayyade da ƙarancin yanayin yanayin su, takin zamani da rigakafin kwari, yana da mahimmanci a magance ƙalubalen da ke tattare da su don haɓaka samarwa da dawo da tattalin arziki ga manoma.
Ƙarƙashin matakin fasaha ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan ramuka masu yawa waɗanda za su iya kamawa daga sifofin ƙarfe na wucin gadi tare da murfin filastik zuwa sifofi na dindindin-gina. Gabaɗaya, ba a sarrafa su fiye da ikon ɗaga murfin filastik lokacin da ya yi zafi sosai ko a waje. Waɗannan murfin filastik suna kare amfanin gona daga ƙanƙara, ruwan sama da yanayin sanyi kuma suna tsawaita lokacin girma zuwa ɗan lokaci. Wadannan arha Tsarin suna bayar da a
mai yiwuwa dawowa don saka hannun jari a cikin kayan lambu irin su latas, wake, tumatir, cucumber, kabeji da zucchini. Ana yin noma a cikin waɗannan ramukan da yawa a cikin ƙasa, yayin da ƙarin ayyuka na ci gaba na iya amfani da manyan tukwane da ɗigon ruwa don tumatir, blueberries, eggplants ko barkono. Duk da haka, yayin da ƙananan fasahar kariyar amfanin gona ke da ma'ana ga ƙananan manoma, irin waɗannan fasahohin suna fama da gazawa da yawa. Rashin ikon su na muhalli yana rinjayar daidaiton girman da ingancin samfurin don haka ya rage
samun kasuwa na waɗannan samfuran ga abokan ciniki masu buƙata kamar manyan kantuna da gidajen abinci. Ganin cewa ana shuka amfanin gona gabaɗaya a cikin ƙasa, waɗannan manoma kuma suna fuskantar ƙwari da cututtukan da ke haifar da ƙasa (misali, kamuwa da cutar nematode). Abokan masana'antu da masu bincike suna buƙatar sabbin abubuwa don samar da mafita a cikin ƙirar kayan aiki da tsarin sarrafa amfanin gona da tsarin ciniki mai kaifin baki don fitar da samarwa.
da kiyaye sarkar samar da kayayyaki akai-akai. Ƙarfafawa da goyan baya daga ƙungiyoyi masu ba da kuɗi da sabbin fasahohi (misali, sarrafa ilimin halitta, sarrafa ɗan adam a cikin ban ruwa da sarrafa zafin jiki) daga jami'o'i da kamfanoni na iya taimakawa masu noman canji zuwa mafi haɓaka tsarin noman fasaha.
2.2. Haɓaka Matsakaicin-Tech Greenhouses tare da Ƙirƙiri da Sabbin Fasaha
Matsakaici-fasaha kariyar amfanin gona babban nau'i ne mai fa'ida wanda ke tattare da wuraren da ake sarrafawa da kuma gidajen gilashi. Wannan bangare na fannin noman da aka kayyade yana buƙatar haɓaka fasaha mai mahimmanci idan ana son yin gogayya da samar da abinci mai yawa a cikin gonaki da ke jigilar ƙananan ramuka na fasaha da ingantaccen kayan amfanin gona daga manyan gidajen gonaki. Kula da muhalli a cikin manyan gidajen gine-gine na zamani yawanci bangare ne ko kuma mai ƙarfi kuma ana iya sarrafa zafin wasu gidajen greenhouse ta hanyar buɗe rufin da hannu, yayin da
mafi ci-gaba wurare da sanyaya da dumama raka'a. Ana binciken yin amfani da hasken rana da fina-finai masu wayo don rage farashin makamashi da sawun carbon a cikin gidajen gine-gine na zamani [21-23].
Duk da yake har yanzu da yawa greenhouses ana yin su da PVC ko gilashin cladding, za a iya amfani da kaifin baki fina-finai a kan wadannan tsarin ko za a iya shigar a cikin greenhouse zane don ƙara makamashi yadda ya dace. Gabaɗaya, manyan gine-ginen greenhouses suna amfani da kafofin watsa labarai masu girma kamar tubalan Rockwool tare da rasidun taki a hankali a hankali a matakan girma daban-daban don haɓaka amfanin gona. Ana amfani da hadi na CO2 wani lokaci a cikin injinan fasahar zamani don haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa da inganci. Sashin amfanin gona mai matsakaicin fasaha zai amfana daga haɗin gwiwar masana'antu da jami'o'i don samar da ingantattun hanyoyin kimiyya da fasaha, gami da sabbin nau'ikan genotypes na amfanin gona tare da yawan amfanin gona da inganci, haɗaɗɗen sarrafa kwaro, ingantaccen hadi mai sarrafa kansa da sarrafa yanayin greenhouse, da taimakon robotic a sarrafa amfanin gona. da girbi.
2.3. Ƙirƙirar Kimiyya da Fasaha don Manyan Gine-ginen Fasaha
Manyan gidajen gilashin fasaha na iya haɗa sabbin ci gaban fasaha a cikin ilimin halittar amfanin gona, haɓaka hadi, sake amfani da haske, da haske. A cikin manyan wuraren shakatawa na kasuwanci, alal misali, fasahar 'gilashi mai wayo', tsarin hasken rana (PV) da ƙarin hasken wuta, kamar bangarorin LED, ana iya amfani da su don haɓaka ingancin amfanin gona da amfanin gona. Masu samarwa kuma suna ƙara sarrafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci da/ko wuraren aiki kamar sa ido kan amfanin gona, pollination, da girbi.
Haɓaka basirar wucin gadi (AI) da koyan injin (MI) sun buɗe sabbin matakai don manyan gine-ginen fasaha [24-28]. AI wani tsari ne na ƙa'idodi da aka rufaffen kwamfuta da ƙirar ƙididdiga waɗanda aka horar da su don gane alamu a cikin manyan bayanai da yin ayyuka gabaɗaya da ke da alaƙa da hankalin ɗan adam. Ana amfani da AI da aka yi amfani da shi wajen gane hoto don saka idanu kan lafiyar amfanin gona da kuma gane alamun cututtuka, yana ba da damar yanke shawara mai sauri, mafi kyawun yanke shawara don sarrafa amfanin gona da girbi-wanda, kwanakin nan, za a iya cika.
ta hanyar robot makamai maimakon aikin ɗan adam. Intanet-of-Things (IoT) yana ba da mafita don sarrafa kansa wanda za'a iya keɓance shi musamman don aikace-aikacen greenhouse [29]. Don haka, AI da IoT na iya ba da gudummawa sosai a fannin aikin gona na zamani ta hanyar sarrafawa da sarrafa ayyukan noma [30].
Bincike da bunƙasa a fannin na'urar mutum-mutumin noma ya karu sosai a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata [31-33]. An nuna tsarin girbin amfanin gona mai cin gashin kansa na capsicum wanda ke fuskantar yiwuwar kasuwanci tare da nasarar girbi na 76.5% [31] a Ostiraliya. An samar da nau'ikan nau'ikan mutum-mutumi don tsire-tsiren tumatir, girbi capsicum ( barkonon kararrawa) da kuma amfanin gonan tumatir [34,35] a cikin Turai da Isra'ila, kuma ana iya yin kasuwanci nan gaba kadan.
Haka kuma, tsarin sarrafa kayan aiki na software don manyan manyan gine-ginen fasahar kere kere za su inganta ingantaccen ma'aikata sosai, inganta tattalin arzikin waɗannan kasuwancin. Juyin Juya Halin IT da Injiniya za su ci gaba da ba da ikon noman da aka kayyade da kuma noma na cikin gida, da baiwa masu noman damar saka idanu da sarrafa amfanin gonakinsu daga kwamfutoci da na'urorin hannu, waɗanda har ma za a iya amfani da su don yin noma mai mahimmanci.
yanke shawara na kasuwa. Manyan gine-ginen gine-ginen suna da mafi girman damar da za su amfana da sashen noman da aka keɓe na Ostiraliya, don haka ci gaba da bincike da ƙirƙira a cikin waɗannan wurare na iya fassara zuwa lokaci da kuɗi da aka saka da kyau.
2.4. Haɓaka Gonana Tsaye don Bukatun Gaba
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an sami saurin bunƙasa a cikin 'noman tsaye' a duk faɗin duniya, musamman a ƙasashe masu yawan jama'a da ƙarancin ƙasa [36,37]. Noma a tsaye yana wakiltar darajar dala biliyan 6 amma ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin yanki na kasuwar noma ta duniya da dala tiriliyan 38. Akwai iri-iri iri-iri na noma a tsaye amma dukkansu suna amfani da ƙasa mara nauyi a tsaye ko ɗakunan girma na hydroponic a cikin cikakken kewaye da muhalli mai sarrafawa, wanda ke ba da damar babban matakin sarrafa kansa, sarrafawa da daidaito [39]. Duk da haka, noman tsaye ya kasance iyakance ga amfanin gona masu daraja da gajere saboda tsadar makamashi duk da samar da yawan amfanin ƙasa a kowace murabba'in mita da babban matakan ruwa da ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki.
Girman fasaha na noma a tsaye-kuma musamman, zuwan gidajen gilashin 'masu hankali' - mai yiwuwa ya jawo hankalin masu noman da ke sha'awar yin aiki tare da kwamfutoci masu tasowa da manyan fasahar bayanai kamar AI da Intanet na Abubuwa (IoT) [40]. A halin yanzu, duk nau'ikan noma na cikin gida suna da kuzari- da kuma aiki tuƙuru, ko da yake akwai iyaka don samun babban ci gaba a duka fasahar sarrafa kansa da ƙarfin kuzari. Tuni, mafi kyawun nau'ikan noma na cikin gida suna ba da nasu kuzari akan rukunin yanar gizon kuma sun kasance masu zaman kansu daga grid mai amfani gabaɗaya. Lambunan rufin rufin na iya zuwa daga sassauƙan ƙira a saman gine-ginen birni zuwa kamfanonin saman rufin kamfani akan gine-ginen gundumomi a New York da Paris. Noman a tsaye a cikin gida yana da makoma mai haske, musamman a cikin bullar cutar ta COVID-19 kuma tana da matsayi mai kyau don haɓaka kasonta na kasuwar abinci ta duniya, saboda ta.
ingantaccen tsarin samarwa, raguwar sarkar samar da kayayyaki da farashin kayayyaki, yuwuwar yin aiki da kai (raukan sarrafawa) da sauƙi ga ma'aikata da masu amfani.
3. Hasashen amfanin gona a cikin Kare amfanin gona
A halin yanzu, amfanin gona da suka dace da aikin noma na cikin gida suna da iyaka saboda ƙarancin amfanin gona don haɓaka cikin gida da kuma iyakokin amfanin gona masu kariya kamar tsadar makamashi (don haskakawa, dumama, sanyaya da gudanar da tsarin sarrafa kansa daban-daban) wanda ke ba da damar takamaiman amfanin gona mai ƙima. 41-43]. Duk da haka, samar da kayan amfanin gona iri-iri na tattalin arziki yana da mahimmanci idan an kare amfanin gona yana da tasiri sosai.
Tsaron abinci na duniya [12,13,44]. Kayayyakin amfanin gona don noman kayan lambu masu kariya sun bambanta sosai da waɗanda ake samarwa a fili waɗanda aka ƙirƙira don jure yanayin yanayin muhalli iri-iri, waɗanda ba lallai ba ne a buƙace su wajen noman karewa. Ci gaban cultivars masu dacewa zai buƙaci haɓaka halaye da yawa (kamar pollination na kai, girma mara iyaka, tushen ƙarfi) waɗanda suka bambanta da halayen da ake kallo kamar
kyawawa a cikin amfanin gona na waje (Hoto 2) (An karbo daga [13]).
Hoto 2. Halayen kyawawa don amfanin gonakin 'ya'yan itace da ake girma a cikin gida a ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli mai sarrafawa dangane da amfanin gona da aka shuka a waje ƙarƙashin yanayin filin.
A halin yanzu, 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da aka fi dacewa don noman cikin gida sun haɗa da:
• Wadanda suke girma akan inabi ko bushes (tumatir, strawberry, rasberi, blueberry, kokwamba, capsicum, innabi, kiwifruit);
• Babban darajar ƙwararrun albarkatu (hops, vanilla, saffron, kofi);
• amfanin gona na magani da na kwaskwarima (ciwon teku, Echinacea);
• Ƙananan bishiyoyi (cherries, cakulan, mango, almonds) wasu zaɓuɓɓuka masu dacewa ne [13].
A cikin sassan da ke gaba, muna tattaunawa game da amfanin gona na yanzu da kuma haɓaka sabbin ciyayi don noman cikin gida dalla-dalla.
3.1. Abubuwan amfanin gona da suka wanzu waɗanda aka girma a cikin Ƙananan, Matsakaici da Manyan Fasaha
Tsarin noma-ƙananan fasaha da matsakaici yana samar da tumatur, cucumber, zucchini, capsicum, eggplant, letas, ganyen Asiya da ganye. Dangane da yanki, yawan 'ya'yan itace da ake samarwa da adadin kasuwancin, tumatir shine mafi mahimmancin amfanin gona na kayan lambu da ake samarwa a cikin greenhouses, sai capsicum da latas na biye da shi [15,45].
A Ostiraliya, haɓakar manyan wuraren sarrafa muhalli an iyakance su ga waɗanda aka gina don shuka tumatir [15]. Ƙididdigar GVP na 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu da furanni na 2017, a cikin filin da kuma a cikin wuraren da ake kare kariya, yana nuna rinjayen tumatir a cikin yankunan da ake kiyayewa na Ostiraliya.
Gabaɗaya kiyasin GVP na 2017 dangane da gonaki da samar da amfanin gona a ƙarƙashin rufin shine mafi girma ga tumatir (24%), sannan strawberry (17%), 'ya'yan itacen rani (13%), furanni (9%), blueberry. (7%), cucumber (7%) da capsicum (6%), tare da kayan lambu na Asiya, ganye, eggplant, ceri da berries kowanne yana lissafin ƙasa da 6% (Hoto 3A).
Figure 3. Ƙimar ƙima mai girma na samarwa (GVP) don gaba ɗaya filin haɗin gwiwa da samar da kayan lambu masu kariya (A) da GVP na amfanin gona da aka noma ƙarƙashin kariya ta amfanin gona a cikin 2017 (B) don Ostiraliya.
Daga cikin waɗannan, GVP na amfanin gona da aka girma a cikin tsarin da ake kiyaye kariya ya kasance mafi girma ga tumatir (40%), wanda ke jagorantar babban rata dangane da sauran amfanin gona da suka haɗa da furanni (11%), strawberry (10%), 'ya'yan itacen rani (8%). ) da kuma berries (8%), tare da kowane daga cikin sauran amfanin gona lissafin kasa da 5% (Hoto 3B). Koyaya, kasuwar cikin gida ta Ostiraliya ta cika da tumatur na greenhouse, wanda ke barin masana'antar noman da aka kayyade
tare da zaɓuɓɓuka biyu masu zuwa: haɓaka tallace-tallace na waɗannan amfanin gona a kasuwannin duniya; da/ko don ƙarfafa wasu daga cikin masu noman greenhouses na ƙasar don yin sauye-sauye zuwa samar da wasu amfanin gona masu daraja. Yawan amfanin gonakin da aka noma a ƙarƙashin kariya ya fi girma ga berries (85%) da tumatir (80%), sai furanni (60%), kokwamba (50%), ceri da kayan lambu na Asiya (kowane 40%), strawberry da bazara.
'Ya'yan itãcen marmari (kowace 30%), blueberry da ganye (kowace 25%), kuma a ƙarshe, capsicum da eggplant, a 20% kowane [17]. A halin yanzu, noman cikin gida mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi yana iyakance ga amfanin gona masu ƙima waɗanda za a iya samarwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da ƙarancin kuzari [46,47]
A cikin 'kamfanonin' shuka, yawancin amfanin gona da ake nomawa a halin yanzu sune ganyaye da ganyaye, saboda waɗannan amfanin gona 'ɗan gajeren lokacin girma (saboda 'ya'yan itace da iri ba a buƙata) da ƙima mai girma [7], kasancewar irin waɗannan amfanin gona suna buƙatar ƙarancin haske. don photosynthesis [48] kuma saboda yawancin kwayoyin halittun da aka samar ana iya girbe su [46,49]. Akwai babban yuwuwar inganta amfanin gona da ingancin amfanin gona da ake nomawa a gonakin birane [12].
3.2. Binciken Masana'antu: Ina Sha'awar Mahalarta Ke Kwantaya?
Gano mahimman batutuwan bincike yana da mahimmanci don inganta ingantaccen bincike na jama'a da na kuɗi na sirri don makomar amfanin gona mai kariya. Misali, Cibiyar Binciken Haɗin gwiwar Tsarin Abinci ta gaba (FFSCRC), wanda New South Wales Farmers Association (NSW Farmers), Jami'ar New South Wales (UNSW) da Innovation Australia Ltd. (FIAL), suka ƙaddamar, ta ƙunshi haɗin gwiwa. na sama da 60 kafa
masana'antu, gwamnati da mahalarta bincike. Shirye-shiryenta na bincike da iyawa suna nufin tallafawa mahalarta don haɓaka haɓakar tsarin abinci na yanki da na birni, ɗaukar sabbin samfura daga samfuri zuwa kasuwa da aiwatar da sarƙoƙin wadatar da ke cikin sauri, ingantaccen tsari daga gona zuwa mabukaci. Don haka, FFSRC tana ba da yanayin bincike na haɗin gwiwa da nufin inganta ingantaccen amfanin gona don haɓaka ƙarfinmu don fitar da kayan amfanin gona masu inganci da kuma taimaka wa Ostiraliya ta zama jagora a fannin kimiyya da fasaha don sashin da aka kayyade.
An yi nazarin mahalarta taron don gano amfanin gonakin da aka yi niyya don noman cikin gida. Daga cikin mahalarta taron da suka gano amfanin gonakin da aka yi niyya, sha'awar sabbin kayan lambu (29%) shine mafi girma, sannan kuma sha'awar amfanin gonakin 'ya'yan itace (22%); cannabis na magani, sauran ganyen magani da amfanin gona na musamman (13%); nau'in 'yan ƙasa / na asali (10%); namomin kaza / fungi (10%); da ganyen ganye (3%) (Hoto na 4).
Figure 4. Rarraba amfanin gonakin da mahalarta FFSCRC suka samar a halin yanzu a wuraren amfanin gona masu kariya, don haka, mai yiwuwa mahalarta suna sha'awar nemo mafita don shuka waɗannan amfanin gona yadda ya kamata.
Binciken ya dogara ne akan bayanai game da mahalarta da ake samu akan layi; Samun ƙarin cikakkun bayanai zai zama mahimmanci don fahimta da biyan takamaiman buƙatun mahalarta.
3.3. Kiwo Sabbin Cultivars don Abubuwan Gudanar da Muhalli
Fasahar kiwo da ake da su don haɓaka kayan lambu da sauran tsire-tsire masu amfanin gona suna ci gaba cikin sauri [50]. A cikin shukar da aka kayyade, sashin tattalin arziki mai ƙarfi tare da saurin canje-canje a cikin yanayin kasuwa da zaɓin mabukaci, zaɓin shukar da ya dace yana da mahimmanci [44,51]. Akwai karatu da yawa da ke tantance daidaita amfanin gona masu daraja irin su tumatir da eggplant don samar da greenhouse [52,53]. Sabbin fasahohin kiwo [50] sun sauƙaƙe haɓaka sabbin cultivars tare da halayen da ake so, kuma wasu kamfanoni sun fara kera tsire-tsire don haɓakawa a cikin yanayin sarrafawa a ƙarƙashin fitilun LED [20]. Duk da haka, an ƙirƙiri cultivars galibi don haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin yanayin fage mai sauƙin gaske [46]. Halayen amfanin gona irin su jure wa fari, zafi da sanyi—waɗanda ake so a cikin amfanin gona da aka noma amma yawanci suna ɗaukar hukumci—gaba ɗaya ba a buƙata
noman cikin gida.
Mahimman halaye waɗanda za a iya niyya don daidaita amfanin gona masu daraja zuwa aikin gona na cikin gida sun haɗa da gajerun zagayowar rayuwa, ci gaba da fure, ƙarancin tushen-harbi, ingantaccen aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙarancin shigar da kuzarin hoto, da kyawawan halayen mabukaci gami da dandano, launi, rubutu da takamaiman abun ciki na gina jiki [12,13]. Bugu da ƙari, kiwo musamman don inganci mafi girma zai samar da samfuran kyawawa waɗanda ke da ƙimar kasuwa mai girma. Za a iya sarrafa bakan haske, zafin jiki, zafi da wadatar abinci ta yadda za a canza tarin abubuwan da aka yi niyya a cikin ganye da 'ya'yan itace [54,55] da haɓaka ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki na amfanin gona, gami da sunadaran (yawanci da inganci), bitamin A, C. da E, carotenoids, flavonoids, ma'adanai, glycosides da anthocyanins [12]. Misali, an yi amfani da maye gurbi na halitta (a cikin innabi) da gyaran kwayoyin halitta (a cikin kiwifruit) don gyara gine-ginen shuka, wanda zai yi amfani da girma na cikin gida a cikin wuraren da aka iyakance. A cikin wani bincike na baya-bayan nan, tumatir da tsire-tsire na ceri an yi amfani da su ta hanyar amfani da CRISPR-Cas9 don haɗa halaye masu kyau guda uku masu zuwa: dwarf phenotype, ƙaƙƙarfan dabi'ar girma da furen fure. An tabbatar da dacewa da sakamakon 'gyaran' nau'in tumatir don amfani a cikin tsarin noma na cikin gida ta hanyar amfani da filin da gwajin gonaki a tsaye na kasuwanci [56].
Binciken kiwo na kwayoyin halitta don ƙirƙirar ingantaccen amfanin gona ya tattauna ƙarin ƙimar kayan aikin gona ta hanyar haɓaka amfanin gona tare da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya da kuma magungunan ci [46]. Babban hanyoyin da za a bunkasa amfanin gona na noma tare da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya an gano su azaman tarin tarin abubuwan gina jiki da ake so ko raguwa a cikin abubuwan da ba a so, da kuma tarin sinadarai masu mahimmanci waɗanda
ba a saba samarwa a cikin amfanin gona.
4. Kalubale da Dama a cikin Kare Noman Noma da Cikin Gida
Manyan wuraren noma-kare kariya da wuraren noma na cikin gida suna da ɗan ƙaramin tasirin muhalli. Yayin da ake noman amfanin gona a ƙarƙashin rufin ya fi ƙarfin kuzari fiye da sauran hanyoyin noma, ikon rage tasirin yanayi, tabbatar da ganowa da haɓaka abinci mai inganci yana haɓaka daidaitaccen isar da kayan amfanin gona mai inganci, yana jawo riba mai yawa fiye da ƙarin farashin samarwa. [18] Mahimman ƙalubalen da ke cikin kariyar amfanin gona sun haɗa da:
• Haɗin kuɗi mai yawa, saboda tsadar ƙasa a cikin birni da kewayen birni;
• Babban amfani da makamashi;
• Buƙatar ƙwararrun ma'aikata;
• Gudanar da cututtuka ba tare da sarrafa sinadarai ba; kuma
• Haɓaka ma'anar ingancin abinci mai gina jiki-don ayyana da tabbatar da ingancin abubuwan amfanin gona-don amfanin gona da ake girma a cikin gida.
A cikin sashe na gaba, mun tattauna wasu ƙalubale da damar da ke da alaƙa da amfanin gona mai kariya.
4.1. Ingantattun Yanayi don Babban Haɓakawa da Ingantaccen Amfani da Albarkatu
Ƙarin fahimtar buƙatun amfanin gona a matakai daban-daban na girma da kuma ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban na haske yana da mahimmanci idan masu noman za su ci gaba da samar da amfanin gona mai tsada a cikin wuraren sarrafawa. Ingantacciyar kula da yanayin greenhouse, gami da yanayin yanayinsa da abubuwan abinci mai gina jiki, da tsari da yanayin injina, na iya haɓaka ingancin 'ya'yan itace da yawan amfanin ƙasa [57]. Abubuwan yanayin haɓaka suna iya yin tasiri ga haɓakar shuka, ƙimar evapotranspiration da hawan hawan jini. Daga cikin abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanayi, hasken rana shine mafi mahimmanci kamar yadda photosynthesis ke buƙatar haske, kuma yawan amfanin gona yana daidai da matakan hasken rana kai tsaye har zuwa maƙallan saturation na haske don photosynthesis. Sau da yawa, madaidaicin kula da muhalli yana buƙatar kashe kuɗi mai yawa na makamashi, rage ribar aikin gona mai sarrafawa. Makamashin da ake buƙata don dumama greenhouse da sanyaya ya kasance babban abin damuwa da manufa ga waɗanda ke neman rage farashin makamashi [6]. Kayayyakin kyalli da sabbin fasahohin gilashi irin su Smart Glass [58] suna ba da damammaki masu ban sha'awa don rage farashin da ke da alaƙa da kiyaye yanayin greenhouse da sarrafa masu canjin yanayi. A zamanin yau, sabbin fasahohin gilashin da ingantattun tsarin sanyaya ana haɗa su cikin kariyar amfanin gona a wuraren gilashin. Kayan glazing suna da yuwuwar ragewa
amfani da wutar lantarki, ta hanyar ɗaukar raƙuman hasken rana da yawa da kuma tura makamashin haske don samar da wutar lantarki ta amfani da ƙwayoyin photovoltaic [59,60].
Duk da haka, kayan rufewa suna shafar microclimates na greenhouse [61,62] ciki har da haske [63] don haka yana da mahimmanci don tantance tasirin kayan glazing na zamani akan ci gaban shuka da ilimin lissafi, amfani da albarkatu, yawan amfanin gona da inganci a cikin mahallin da abubuwan da ke haifar da su. kamar CO2, zafin jiki, abubuwan gina jiki da ban ruwa ana sarrafa su sosai. Misali, Semi-transparent Organic Photovoltaics (OPVs) dangane da hadewar poly regioregular (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), da phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) an gwada don noma barkono barkono (Capsicum annuum). A ƙarƙashin inuwar OPVs, tsire-tsire barkono sun samar da ƙarin adadin 'ya'yan itace 20.2% kuma tsire-tsire masu inuwa sun kasance 21.8% tsayi a ƙarshen lokacin girma [64]. A cikin wani binciken, raguwa a cikin PAR da aka yi ta hanyar sassauƙan hotunan hoto a kan rufin bai shafi yawan amfanin ƙasa ba, ilimin halittar shuka, adadin furanni da reshe, launin 'ya'yan itace, ƙarfi da pH [65].
Fim ɗin 'gilashi mai wayo' mai ƙarancin haske, Solar Gard™ ULR-80 [58], a halin yanzu ana gwada shi a samar da gidan gilashi. Manufar ita ce fahimtar yuwuwar kayan kyalkyali tare da isar da haske mai daidaitacce da rage tsadar makamashi mai alaƙa da ayyuka a manyan wuraren noman noma. Ana amfani da fim ɗin gilashin Smart (SG) zuwa daidaitaccen gilashin gilashin gilashin gilashin ɗaya a cikin wuraren da ake shuka amfanin gona na kayan lambu ta amfani da ayyukan noma a tsaye da kasuwanci [66,67]. Gwajin kwai a ƙarƙashin SG ya nuna ƙarfin ƙarfi da haɓakar hadi [42], amma kuma ya rage yawan amfanin gonar eggplant, saboda yawan adadin furen fure da / ko zubar da cikin 'ya'yan itace sakamakon ƙarancin photosynthesis mai haske [58]. Fim ɗin SG da aka yi amfani da shi na iya buƙatar gyare-gyare don samar da ingantattun yanayin haske da kuma rage ƙarancin haske don 'ya'yan itatuwa masu-carbon-nutse kamar su eggplant.
Amfani da sabon kayan glazing na ceton makamashi kamar gilashin mai kaifin baki yana ba da kyakkyawar dama don rage farashin makamashi na ayyukan gidan gilashi da inganta yanayin haske don noman amfanin gona. Fina-finai masu wayo kamar fina-finan noma masu haskaka haske (LLEAF) suna da yuwuwar haɓakawa tare da sarrafa ci gaban ciyayi da haɓaka haifuwa a cikin matsakaicin fasahar kariya ta amfanin gona. LLEAF
Za a iya gwada fale-falen akan furanni iri-iri da amfanin gona marasa fure don sanin ko suna taimakawa wajen haɓaka ci gaban ciyayi da haifuwa (ta hanyar canza tsarin ilimin halittar jiki wanda ke haifar da haɓakar shuka da yawan amfanin gona da inganci).
4.2. Kwari da Kula da Cututtuka
Kodayake wuraren noman da aka sarrafa na iya rage ƙwari da cututtuka, da zarar an gabatar da su, suna da matuƙar wahala da tsadar sarrafawa ba tare da amfani da sinadarai masu guba ba. Noma na cikin gida a tsaye yana ba da damar kula da amfanin gona na kusa don alamun kwaro ko cuta, da hannu da/ko ta atomatik (ta amfani da fasahar ji) da ɗaukar sabbin fasahohin mutum-mutumi da/ko hanyoyin gano nesa za su sauƙaƙe.
farkon gano barkewar cutar da kuma kawar da cututtuka da/ko tsire-tsire masu cutarwa [7].
Novel hadedde kwaro hanyoyin (IPM) hanyoyin [68] za a buƙaci don ingantaccen sarrafa kwari a cikin greenhouses. Dabarun gudanarwa masu dacewa (al'adu, jiki, inji, ilmin halitta da sinadarai), tare da kyawawan ayyuka na al'adu, ci gaba da fasaha na saka idanu da ainihin ganewa na iya inganta samar da kayan lambu yayin da rage dogaro ga aikace-aikacen maganin kashe kwari. Haɗin kai don kula da cututtuka ya haɗa da amfani da ciyayi masu juriya, tsaftar muhalli, ingantattun ayyukan al'adu da kuma amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da suka dace [44]. Haɓaka sabbin dabarun IPM na iya rage farashin aiki da buƙatar amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. Ɗauka, alal misali, amfani da sababbi, na kasuwanci, masu fa'ida ta dabi'a (misali, aphid midge, kore lacewing, da dai sauransu) don sarrafa kwari na amfanin gona da rage dogaro ga sarrafa sinadarai. Gwajin sabbin IPM iri-iri
Dabarun, a keɓance da haɗin gwiwa, za su taimaka wajen haɓaka takamaiman shawarwarin amfanin gona da kayan aiki ga masu noman.
4.3. Ingancin amfanin gona da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki
Noman da aka kayyade yana ba masu noma da abokan masana'antu tare da yawan amfanin ƙasa da ingantaccen kayan girki a duk shekara [69]. Noma 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari masu ƙima, duk da haka, yana buƙatar babban gwaji na sinadirai da ingantattun sigogi [70]. Siffofin ingancin 'ya'yan itace na asali sun haɗa da abun ciki na danshi, pH, jimlar daskararru mai narkewa, ash, launin 'ya'yan itace, ascorbic acid da acidity na titratable, da sigogin sinadirai masu ci gaba ciki har da sukari, mai, furotin, bitamin da antioxidants; tsayin daka da ma'aunin asarar ruwa suma suna da mahimmanci don ayyana ma'aunin inganci [66]. Haka kuma, ana iya shigar da ingantaccen gwajin ingancin amfanin gona a cikin tsarin ayyukan greenhouse mai sarrafa kansa. Nuna nau'ikan genotypes na amfanin gona don ingantattun sigogi zai samar da sabbin nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari masu wadatar abinci mai kima ga masu noma da masu amfani. Dabarun aikin gona da suka haɗa da yanayin girma da ayyukan sarrafa amfanin gona za a buƙaci a inganta su don haɓaka samarwa da yawan amfanin gonaki masu amfani da shuka.
4.4. Samar da Aiki da Ƙwararrun Aiki
Abubuwan buƙatun ƙwadago don masana'antar noman da aka kayyade suna haɓaka (> 5% a kowace shekara) kuma an kiyasta cewa sama da mutane 10,000 a duk faɗin Ostiraliya suna aiki kai tsaye ta masana'antar. Duk da manyan matakan sarrafa kansa, babban aikin noman da aka kayyade yana buƙatar gagarumin ƙarfin aiki, musamman don samar da amfanin gona, kula da amfanin gona, pollin inji da girbi. Tare da karuwar bukatar
ga ƙwararrun masu noman noma, wadatar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma'aikata ya ragu [18,71]. Hakanan za'a buƙaci ƙwararrun ma'aikata don haɓaka aikin noma a tsaye na birni, wanda zai haifar da sabbin sana'o'i ga masana fasaha, manajan ayyuka, ma'aikatan kulawa da tallace-tallace da ma'aikatan dillalai [7]. Samar da ci-gaba na ma'auni na kasuwanci da yawa zai ba da damar magance tambayoyin bincike, ta yadda za a ci gaba da manufar haɓaka yawan aiki a cikin nau'ikan amfanin gona iri-iri tare da ba da ilimi da horarwa kan ƙwarewa da wataƙila za su kasance cikin buƙatu mai yawa a fannin noman noma a nan gaba.
5. Ƙarshe
A cikin manyan gine-ginen gine-gine tare da fasaha mai wayo, akwai babban yuwuwar haɓaka riba ta hanyar sarrafa abubuwa masu mahimmanci da/ko aiki mai ƙarfi kamar sa ido kan amfanin gona, pollination, da girbi. Haɓaka AI, robotics da ML suna buɗe sabbin ƙima don amfanin gona mai kariya. Gonaki a tsaye sun zama ɗan ƙaramin yanki na kasuwar noma ta duniya kuma, duk da kasancewarsa mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, noma a tsaye yana ba da yawan amfanin ƙasa tare da yawan ruwa da ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki. Samar da albarkatu na albarkatu iri-iri yana da mahimmanci idan an kiyaye samar da amfanin gona don yin tasiri mai kyau ga samar da abinci a duniya. Tsarin kariyar ƙarancin fasaha da matsakaicin fasaha yana samar da galibin tumatir, kokwamba, zucchini, capsicum, eggplant da kayan lambu na latas, tare da ganyen Asiya da ganye.
Haɓaka manyan wuraren kula da muhalli a Ostiraliya an iyakance shi da farko ga shuka tumatir. Haɓaka ciyawar da suka dace zai buƙaci inganta manyan halaye da yawa waɗanda suka bambanta da waɗanda ake ganin kyawawa a cikin amfanin gona na waje. Mahimman halayen da za a iya niyya don aikin noma na cikin gida sun haɗa da raguwar yanayin rayuwar amfanin gona, ci gaba da fure, ƙarancin tushen-harbi, ƙara yawan aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙananan hotuna.
shigar da makamashi, da kyawawan halayen mabukaci, kamar dandano, launi, rubutu da takamaiman abubuwan gina jiki.
Bugu da kari, kiwo musamman don inganci mai inganci, kayan amfanin gona masu yawa da sinadirai za su samar da kayan lambu masu kyawawa (da yuwuwar, magani) tare da kyakkyawar darajar kasuwa. Riba da dorewar noman amfanin gona ya dogara da haɓaka hanyoyin magance ƙalubalen farko da suka haɗa da farashin farawa, amfani da makamashi, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru, sarrafa kwari da haɓaka ƙima.
Kayayyakin kyalkyali na zamani da ci gaban fasaha a halin yanzu ana bincike ko gwaji suna ba da mafita don magance ɗayan ƙalubalen da aka kayyade na shuka. Wadannan ci gaban na iya, mai yuwuwa, samar da ingantaccen abin da ya dace don taimakawa sashin noman da aka kayyade ya rikida zuwa wani matsayi mai ɗorewa kuma mai tsada na ingantaccen makamashi da kuma cika buƙatun samar da abinci, tare da kiyaye ingancin amfanin gona da abinci mai gina jiki.
abun ciki, da rage illar muhalli masu cutarwa.
Gudunmawar Marubuci: SGC ya rubuta bita tare da shigarwa da bita da aka bayar ta DTT, Z.-HC, OG da CIC Duk marubutan sun karanta kuma sun yarda da sigar rubutun da aka buga.
kudade: Binciken ya dogara ne akan rahoton da aka ba da izini da kuma tallafawa Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Kasuwancin Abinci ta gaba, wanda ke tallafawa haɗin gwiwar masana'antu tsakanin masana'antu, masu bincike, da al'umma. Mun kuma sami tallafin kuɗi daga ayyukan Horticulture Innovation Australia (lambar kyauta VG16070 zuwa DTT, Z.-HC, OG, CIC; lambar kyauta VG17003 zuwa DTT, Z.-HC; lambar kyautar LP18000 zuwa Z.-HC) da aikin CRC P2 -013 (DTT, Z.-HC, OG, CIC).
Bayanin Hukumar Binciken Cibiyoyi: Ba dace ba.
Sanarwa Sanarwa Sanarwa: Ba dace ba.
Bayanin Samun Bayanai: Ba dace ba.
Rikici na sha'awa: Masu marubuta ba su da wani tasiri na sha'awa.
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