Ruwan zuma shine maganin sukari wanda nau'ikan iri daban-daban ke samarwa kwari, musamman waɗanda ke ciyarwa ta hanyar saka proboscis a cikin tasoshin phloem na shuka. Wadannan tasoshin suna dauke da narkar da sikari da sauran sinadarai a ko’ina a cikin shuka, kuma kwari masu tsotsa suna amfani da sassan bakinsu mai kauri don samun damar kwararar kayan abinci. Abin ban mamaki, lokacin da kwarin ya shiga cikin ruwa kuma ya fara tsotsa, matsa lamba a cikin jirgin ruwan phloem yana haifar da babban digon zuma ya fito daga duburar kwarin. Yana da darajan tushen abinci ga sauran kwari, gami da nau'ikan tururuwa daban-daban.
Ko da yake an yi nazari kan sinadarai na ruwan zuma ta fuskar darajar sinadiran sa ga tururuwa da sauran nau’in da suke cin abinci, ba a yi bincike kan yanayin abubuwan da ke da rauni (ko masu wari). Mai yiyuwa ne cewa kwari suna amfani da ƙamshi daga ɓoye na zuma don sadarwa tare da juna, musamman a lokacin haifuwa. Wani sabon bincike, wanda aka buga a Gaba a Kimiyyar Kwari, yanzu ya nuna cewa zumar da aka hange ta lanternflies ke samar da ita yana haifar da yawancin kwayoyin halitta masu dauke da iska wadanda ke da sha'awa ga sauran nau'in nau'in, kuma mai yiwuwa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen halayyar kwari.
Hatsabibi na tsaunuka (Lycorma delicatula) Ba 'yan asalin Amurka ba ne, amma an gabatar da su ba da gangan ba daga China, inda 'yan asalinsu ne. An rubuta mutum na farko a Pennsylvania a watan Satumba na 2014. Abin takaici, wannan nau'in yana cin zali kuma yana ciyar da 'ya'yan itace da yawa, kayan ado da bishiyoyi. Mutane na iya yada tazara mai nisa tare da taimakon mutanen da ke canza abubuwan da suka lalace ko abubuwan da ke dauke da tarin kwai. Yana da matukar muhimmanci a shawo kan wannan kwaro kafin ta yadu sosai, ko kuma ta yi mummunar illa ga masana'antar inabi, gonakin noma, da sarewar kasar.
"Wannan bincike yana da mahimmanci saboda matakin farko na sarrafa kowane kwaro shine fahimtar ilimin halittu da halayen su," in ji shi Dr. Miriam Cooperband na Ma'aikatar Aikin Noma ta Amurka Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiyar Dabbobi da Tsirrai, Kariya da Tsirrai da Sashen keɓewa (USDA APHIS PPQ) a cikin Amurka “Yayin da muke ƙarin koyo game da halayen ƙwanƙwaran da aka hange, muna fatan samun raunin da za mu iya amfani da shi. don samar da kayan aikin kula da kwari don rage yawan jama'a da kuma yada su."
Da alama ƙwalwar lanternflies ɗin da aka hange suna da ɗabi'a ɗaya da ba a saba gani ba wanda zai iya tabbatar da lahani. Ba wai kawai suna barin ɓoyayyiyar ruwan zumar da suke ɓoye a cikin gindin bishiyoyin da suke zaune ba, har ma suna yin tari akan kututturan zaɓaɓɓun bishiyoyi. A can, suna ɓoye raɓar zuma da yawa har saman kututturen bishiyar ya zama fari da kumfa, kuma ya fara jin ƙamshin ƴaƴa. Daruruwan ɗimbin fitilu suna taruwa a waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon suna ƙara ɓoyewa, yayin da kututturen bishiyoyin da ke makwabtaka da su ba a taɓa su ba.
Cooperband da abokan aikinta sun yi mamakin ko ruwan zumar da ke fita a cikin waɗannan adadi mai yawa watakila ya ƙunshi semiochemicals, pheromones waɗanda ke isar da sigina zuwa wasu kwari masu haske kuma suna gyara halayensu. A cikin binciken da aka yi a baya masu binciken sun gyara ƙananan samfurori na ko dai namiji ko mace da aka hange fitilu a jikin bishiya, wanda aka rufe a cikin rigar raga. Ba da daɗewa ba waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suka haifar da tarin ɗimbin fitilu masu kyauta a kan kututturen bishiyar, suna ba da shawara ga masu binciken cewa pheromones da gaske suna da hannu wajen jawo hankalin ƙudaje ga juna.
Don gano ko zumar ta ƙunshi duk wani abu mai aiki na ɗabi'a wanda zai iya yin tasiri ga halayen lanternfly, masu binciken sun tattara samfuran zumar zuma dabam da na mata da maza a cikin filin, don gwadawa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Sun sami nau'ikan sinadarai masu yawa da suka halarta, gami da ketones huɗu, esters shida, da barasa uku, waɗanda duk sun wanzu a cikin jinsin biyu amma a mabanbantan rabo. Mahalli guda biyu sun faru a ma'auni fiye da sau 1.5 mafi girma a cikin namiji fiye da na zuma na mace, yayin da wasu mahadi guda biyar aka samu a mafi girma a cikin mace fiye da na maza.
Daga nan ne masu binciken suka binciki yadda ruwan zuma ya rinjayi dabi’ar hasken wutar lantarki ta hanyar bai wa fulanin da aka kama su zabi su matsa zuwa wuraren da ke da ko ba tare da nau’in ruwan zuma iri-iri ba. Sakamakonsu ya nuna cewa ƙudaje maza suna sha'awar zumar maza sosai, yayin da maza da mata ke sha'awar zumar mace kaɗan. Ko da yake ba a san abin da zai haifar da wannan hali ba, wannan ya yi daidai da lura da yadda waɗannan kwari ke yi a cikin filin.
Tawagar ta ci gaba da gano abubuwan da ke cikin saƙar zumar ta samar da sigina mafi ƙarfi. An gwada kwayoyin halitta guda biyar don jan hankali kuma an gano suna da takamaiman bayanan sha'awar jima'i. Kwayoyin kwayoyin guda biyu da ake kira benzyl acetate da 2-octanone sun jawo hankalin jinsin biyu, daya kwayoyin da ake kira 2-heptanone ya jawo hankalin maza kawai, daya kwayoyin, 2-nonanone, janyo hankalin kawai mata, da kuma daya kwayoyin, 1-nonanol, kori mata amma ba maza. Duk waɗannan mahadi guda biyar kuma suna aiki azaman abubuwan haɗin pheromone don nau'ikan a cikin umarni na kwari da yawa, gami da ƙudan zuma da kwari.
Waɗannan binciken sune kawai matakan farko don samun kyakkyawar fahimtar yadda, yuwuwar, don sarrafa wannan kwaro mai cin zarafi. Marubutan sun ba da shawarar cewa binciken nasu zai iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka matakan sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ba na kashe kwari ba, kamar haɓaka ɗimbin sinadarai don gano gaban lanternfly, ko yin amfani da kayan aikin tarko. Akwai ƙarin tambayoyi da yawa da za a amsa, kamar ko akwai bambance-bambancen yanayi a cikin wannan ɗabi'a, da kuma ko akwai hulɗa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan zuma waɗanda ke samar da sinadarai masu mahimmanci.
“Halayyar ƙwanƙwasa mai tsini da kuma sadarwa tana da sarƙaƙƙiya, kuma wannan shine ƙarshen ƙanƙara. Baya ga aikinmu na nazarin siginar sinadarai, kamar wadanda ke cikin ruwan zuma, muna kuma sha'awar rawar da girgizar kasa ke takawa a tsarin sadarwar su, "in ji Cooperband. "Bincike na gaba na iya mai da hankali kan fahimtar yadda suke gano juna lokacin da suka taru kuma suka sami abokan aure ta amfani da nau'ikan sigina da yawa."
Duba mu a gaba EarthSnap, app na kyauta wanda Eric Ralls da Earth.com suka kawo muku.