Bari mu yarda—da gaske ba ma son iri. Wannan ba gaskiya ba ne a duniya, ba shakka. Bayan haka, yawancin kayan abinci a zahiri iri ne ( wake, wake, shinkafa, masara, kofi, cacao) ko kuma sun fito ne daga tsaba (fulawa, mai), kuma muna buƙatar iri don yaɗa tsire-tsire da yawa. Duk da haka, idan ana maganar inabi, kankana, ayaba, citrus da wasu 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari, iri na iya zama da wahala. Tsirrai a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa da yawa suna haɗuwa da ɓangaren da muke ci, kuma ba'a iyakance ga wani yanki mai ban sha'awa kamar apples, ko ƙananan kamar blueberries da strawberries ba. Ƙunƙarar iri mai girma ba ta da daɗi kuma sai dai idan gasa ce, sau da yawa yana da wuyar tofa su. Sabili da haka, muna tsalle a damar don kawar da tsaba, ko aƙalla rage su zuwa lambar sarrafawa.
Tsire-tsire marasa iri ba kowa ba ne, amma suna wanzuwa ta dabi'a ko kuma masu shayarwa za su iya sarrafa su ba tare da amfani da dabarun injiniyan kwayoyin halitta ba. Babu tsire-tsire marasa iri na yanzu da aka gyara kwayoyin halitta (GMOs). Kamar yadda yawancin tsarin shuka, matakai da yawa dole ne suyi aiki daidai a cikin "hanyar" don samar da samfurin ƙarshe (tsaba a cikin wannan yanayin). Yin sulhu a kowane mataki yana haifar da gazawa. Rashin iri ga shuka ba shi da amfani tunda ya kasa samar da zuriya, shi ya sa galibin shuke-shuke marasa iri ake yadawa ta hanyar dasawa ko sarewa (kokwamba da kankana ban da su). Duk da haka, dabi'a ce ta gado da ake ɗauka ta hanyar pollen kuma ana kiyaye shi a cikin tafkin gene har sai haɗin mahaifa na dama ya sake faruwa don samar da shuka mai 'ya'yan itace mara iri. Tun da yake waɗannan suna faruwa ne ta dabi'a, kuma mutane masu lura, masu sha'awar halitta da wadata, da zarar mun sami wani abu da muke so, muna cin gajiyarsa sosai. Don haka, me yasa wasu 'ya'yan itace ba su da iri?
Budurwa 'ya'yan itace
Duk 'ya'yan itace marasa iri suna faɗuwa a ƙarƙashin babban nau'in da ake kira parthenocarpy. Parthenocarpy shine kalmar Helenanci ma'anar "'ya'yan budurwowi." Wannan yanayin ne inda 'ya'yan itace ke tasowa ba tare da hadi na ovule ba (bangaren furen da idan takin ya zama iri). A cikin waɗannan tsire-tsire, pollination na iya zama dole ko bazai zama dole ba don haifar da samar da hormone don tada bangon kwai don kumbura da samar da 'ya'yan itace. Duk da haka, hadi da ci gaban iri ba ya faruwa kuma babu "sabon iri" ko ragowar iri. A wasu lokuta, ana iya haɓaka haɓakar 'ya'yan itace idan babu pollen ta hanyar aikace-aikacen hormone na waje. Wannan rashin iri yana samuwa a cikin wasu nau'ikan cucumbers, persimmons, inabi, citrus, abarba da sauransu. Irin wannan rashin iri yakan haifar da 'ya'yan itace kaɗan fiye da takwarorinsu masu iri.
Wasu tsire-tsire masu iya samar da iri na iya samun pollen bakararre ko wasu dalilai da ke sa su kasa samar da iri, kuma don samar da iri suna buƙatar pollination ta wani, memba na jinsin daban-daban na wannan nau'in. Lokacin da aka dasa su a cikin manyan gonakin gonaki, ana kewaye da su da kwafi iri ɗaya na kansu, yana haifar da su samar da ƴaƴan parthenocarpic. Citrus da yawa suna aiki ta wannan hanyar.
Alamar iri
Stenospermocarpy wani nau'i ne na parthenocarpy inda hadi ke faruwa kuma iri ya fara girma amma a ƙarshe yana zubar da ciki, yana barin abin da ake iya gani "ganin iri." Alamomin iri sun bambanta da girma dangane da yadda ci gaban iri ya ci gaba kafin zubar da ciki kuma gabaɗaya suna da laushi sosai ta yadda ba su da ɗanɗanowar cikkaken iri. Wannan yana faruwa a yawancin inabi marasa iri, kankana da sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa. Masu kiwon inabin inabi marasa iri suna cin gajiyar wannan tsarin ci gaba ta hanyar cire tsaba masu tasowa kafin zubar da ciki da kuma girma cikin tsire-tsire ta hanyar amfani da dabarun al'adun nama. Ta wannan hanyar, iyaye biyu sun mallaki hali mara iri ta haka suna haifar da mafi girma adadin zuriya marasa iri.
Rushewar tsarin ci gaban iri yana faruwa saboda dalilai da yawa. Kankana da ayaba ba su da iri domin suna da nau'ikan chromosomes guda uku, wanda ke ba su wani adadi mai ban mamaki da za su yi aiki da su lokacin da suke samar da pollen da kwai. Yawancin kwayoyin halitta suna da madaidaicin adadin chromosomes, don haka sakamakon kwai da ƙwayoyin pollen suna karɓar koda adadin chromosomes waɗanda ke ɗauke da kwayoyin halitta, misali, DNA, don haɗuwa don yin zuriya. Lokacin da triploids suka samar da ƙwai da pollen, tsarin yana samar da adadi mara kyau, wanda ya haifar da kwai da pollen ba su samun daidaitaccen yabo na chromosome, saboda haka basu da bayanin da ake bukata don zama mai yiwuwa. Pollen daga triploids sau da yawa yakan bayyana a gurguje kuma ba shi da kyau.
Ƙetare
Kwayoyin Triploid suna faruwa ta dabi'a ko kuma ana iya haɓaka su ta hanyar haye diploid (nau'ikan chromosomes guda biyu) tare da tetraploid (tsari huɗu na chromosomes) don samar da triploid. Game da kankana, ana buƙatar pollination don samun 'ya'yan itace kuma tun da nau'in pollen triploid ba ya girma, ana dasa nau'in diploid don samar da pollen da za a iya haifar da 'ya'yan itace ba tare da cikakken ci gaban iri ba. Ana iya ganin alamun farin iri a cikin kankana
Rashin iri na Stenospermocarpic a cikin duk inabi da aka yi nazari ya zuwa yanzu duk sun kasance saboda cutarwa da ke faruwa ta halitta “matsayin maye gurbi” a cikin sashin chromosome na innabi da ke da alhakin ci gaban iri. Mutane da yawa suna amfani da kalmar maye gurbi ko mutant a cikin mahallin mara kyau, amma yawancin canje-canjen da muke ganin kyawawa sun faru ne ta halitta.
An yi ƙoƙari don haɓaka cherries marasa iri. Koyaya, akwai bambanci tsakanin “rami” da iri. Rami shine mai wuya, nama mai duwatsu da ke kewaye da iri a cikin zaituni, cherries, peaches, plums da apricots kuma baya cikin iri. Masu bincike sun sami damar haɓaka iri iri amma ba cherries mara tushe ba.
Rashin iri yana iya ko a'a ya canza yanayin 'ya'yan itacen. Iri a cikin 'ya'yan itace na iya taimakawa wajen jawo kuzari da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin 'ya'yan itacen canza halaye kamar sinadarai da matakan sukari, girman 'ya'yan itace, lambar 'ya'yan itace, lokacin girma da sauransu. Masu shayarwa da masu aikin lambu sun yi aiki mai kyau ta amfani da daidaitattun hanyoyin kiwo da samar da kayayyaki don shawo kan waɗannan iyakoki.
Don ƙarin bayani:
Dake Jihar Michigan University
www.canr.msu.edu