Iceberg letas, oakleaf letas, romaine, da duk sauran letas da muke ci a zamanin yau, sun fito ne daga tsire-tsire na daji waɗanda aka gyara shekaru 6000 da suka wuce a cikin Caucasus don a iya girbe mai daga tsaba. Bayan tsohon Girkanci da Romawa sun ƙara haɓaka tsire-tsire don amfani da su azaman kayan lambu masu ganye, latas kuma ya ƙare akan faranti na mu akan lokaci. An bayyana tarihin musamman na latas dalla-dalla, godiya ga binciken DNA na nau'ikan latas 445, wanda Jami'ar Wageningen & Research da BGI na kasar Sin suka gudanar. Za a buga binciken su a yau a cikin ma'auni na lokaci-lokaci na Nature Genetics kuma yana buɗe ƙofa don saurin kiwo da ingantaccen amfanin gonakin abinci.
Yi ƙoƙarin yin tunanin tarin latas iri-iri 2500: kusan nau'ikan nau'ikan 1500 waɗanda manoma suka shuka a wani wuri a cikin duniya kuma kusan mutane 1000 na tsire-tsire na latas na daji daga gefen titi da wuraren ajiyar yanayi. Sai ku yi ƙoƙari ku yi tunanin DNA ɗin da ake tattara daga waɗannan nau'ikan latas ɗin kuma ana amfani da su don sanin yadda latas ɗin da ke cikin farantinmu ya kasance. An canza tsire-tsire na daji na farko don noma shekaru 6000 da suka gabata a cikin Caucasus. Waɗannan letus na farko sun dace ne kawai don girbi iri don hako mai, kuma Girkawa da Romawa na dā sun ƙara haifar da waɗannan tsire-tsire (a lokacin, har yanzu suna da ƙaya a kan ganye) don amfani da su azaman kayan lambu. Kuma labarin da DNA ya ba da ya ci gaba, har zuwa Amurkawa waɗanda ke buƙatar kaddarorin daga nau'ikan daji don canza latas ɗin man shanu mai laushi, mai santsi zuwa wuya, latas ɗin kankara.
Daban-daban na letas a duniya
Sannun ƙaura ta Turai
Cibiyar Albarkatun Halittar Halitta, Netherlands (CGN), wanda shine bankin jinsin Dutch kuma wani ɓangare na Jami'ar Wageningen & Bincike (WUR), yana kula da wannan tarin nau'ikan latas 2500. Wannan shine mafi girma, mafi cika, kuma mafi kyawun tarin latas ɗin da aka rubuta a duniya.
Tare da haɗin gwiwar BGI na kasar Sin, ana ƙayyade odar DNA ga dukkan nau'ikan 2500, gami da nazarin bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta da bambance-bambance da kamance tsakanin waɗannan bambance-bambancen. Sakamako daga nau'ikan latas 445 na farko sun haifar da bugawa a cikin Halittar Halittar Halitta game da asali da tarihin kiwo na amfanin gona.
Ya bayyana cewa an sami wadatattun bayanai. Kamar yadda ya fito, nau'ikan letus na zamani na noma galibi suna kama da magabacinsu na daji Lactuca serriola daga Caucasus kuma letus ɗin farko da aka noma dole ne an shuka shi don iri kuma ana amfani da shi azaman mai. Ana iya sake gina jinkirin ƙaura na letas a ko'ina cikin Turai ta hanyar Daular Rum, da kuma sauye-sauye daga shuka iri zuwa amfanin gona na ganye.
Iceberg letas tare da "tsohuwar" man shanu na letas
Har ila yau, binciken ya iya tantance ma'anar da letus ɗin kankara na baya-bayan nan ya bambanta daga "tsohuwar" man shanu a cikin kwayoyin halitta na Lactuca virosa na daji, gaskiyar da aka dade ana zargin ta bisa bayanan asali na waɗannan nau'in letas.
Binciken alakar da ke tsakanin bayanan DNA da halaye na letus da aka noma ya nuna cewa an gudanar da zaɓe mai tsauri don halayen da ke da sha'awar samarwa da amfani, "halayen gida" kamar rashin kashin baya da ƙayayuwa, wanda ya haifar da raguwar bambance-bambance a cikin yankuna na DNA inda kwayoyin halittar wadannan halaye suke. Har ila yau, ya bayyana cewa ƙayyade wurin da yawancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin DNA zai yiwu ta hanyar nazarin dangantakar dake tsakanin bambancin DNA da halaye ta hanyar abin da ake kira Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS).
Makullin arziƙin kayan halitta don kiwo
A cewar Rob van Treuren da Theo van Hintum, mawallafa biyu na Wageningen na littafin, binciken ya nuna da kyau nawa za a iya tattara bayanai daga bayanan DNA a cikin tarin asusun ajiyar kuɗi. Har ila yau, ya nuna muhimmancin kiyayewa da kare nau'o'in halittu da tushen kwayoyin halitta don samar da abinci mai dorewa a lokutan sauyin yanayi da karuwar yawan al'ummar duniya.
“Yin tantance tsarin DNA na kayan, a cikin tarinmu da sauran su, yana ba kimiyya damar gano halayen da ke ɓoye har yanzu, a cikin dubban iri da yawan daji na latas da sauran amfanin gona. A yin haka, mun sami maɓalli na babban akwati na taska. Alal misali, yi tunanin cewa bincike ya nuna cewa wasu kwayoyin halitta suna da mahimmanci don jure wa fari ko wata cuta. Sa'an nan kuma za ku iya bincika bayanan DNA don albarkatun kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke da kwayoyin halitta masu kama da juna kuma, ta amfani da waɗannan albarkatun, za ku iya haifar da tsire-tsire da sauri da inganci fiye da abin da zai yiwu a baya. Wannan ba komai ba ne face juyin juya hali.
Don ƙarin bayani:
Jami'ar Wageningen & Bincike
www.wur.nl