Kaddamar da aikin Artemis 1 na NASA zuwa duniyar wata a watan Nuwamba ya nuna wani mataki na tafiya da wata rana zai kai ga mutane su ziyarci makwabciyarmu mafi kusa, Mars. Aikin dan Adam zai bi diddigin jiragen sama na mutum-mutumi da yawa, na baya-bayan nan shi ne saukar jirgin Perseverance rover a jajayen duniya a watan Fabrairun 2021. Don tafiye-tafiyen dan Adam zuwa duniyar Mars akwai batutuwan fasaha da yawa da za a warware, mabuɗin tsakanin su. kasancewar kariya daga hasken rana da lafiyar ma'aikatan jirgin, gami da yadda mafi kyawun samar da abinci mai gina jiki. Babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali da kalubale ga masana da yawa da ke nazarin na baya shine yadda za a guje wa rashi na ɓoye da ke haifar da ci gaba da busasshen abinci. Samun sabon abinci a fili zai zama babban fa'ida na lafiya da tunani, kuma saboda wannan zai zama dole don shuka da girbi tsire-tsire a kan hanya. A cikin wannan labarin, marubuta sun sake nazarin bayanai na yanzu da bincike game da abinci mai gina jiki, fa'idodin kiwon lafiya da tunani, da kuma hanyoyin da za a iya shuka amfanin gona a cikin sarari mai zurfi.
A cewar NASA, manyan haxari guda biyar suna bayyana a lokacin dogayen jirage masu saukar ungulu: hasken sararin samaniya, keɓewa da tsarewa, nesa da ƙasa, ƙarancin nauyi, da maƙiyi da rufaffiyar muhallin jirgin. Tsire-tsire masu rai da sabbin kayan abinci na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa uku daga cikin waɗannan: abinci mai gina jiki, buƙatun likita da ilimin halin ma'aikata.
Gina Jiki
Ma'auni mai gina jiki na abinci da aka kawo don ayyukan sararin samaniya dole ne a daidaita shi da kyau don ma'aikatan jirgin su ci gaba da tafiya mai nisa cikin koshin lafiya.
Ma'auni mai gina jiki na abinci da aka kawo don ayyukan sararin samaniya dole ne ya dace da ma'aikatan jirgin don dorewar doguwar tafiya cikin koshin lafiya. Kamar yadda abubuwan da ake samarwa daga Duniya zasu yi wahala, ƙayyade ainihin abincin da ya dace da ainihin tsarin sa shine manufa mai mahimmanci.
Gujewa duk wani rashi na abubuwan gina jiki shine ƙalubale mafi bayyane, kuma NASA ta yi nazari dalla-dalla game da bukatun abinci. Yawancin 'tsarin abinci' na sararin samaniya na yanzu, duk da haka, an tabbatar da ƙarancinsa. Musamman, adana dogon yanayi na abinci yana haifar da lalacewar bitamin A, B1, B6 da C.
Tarin ma'anar asarar nauyi ga 'yan sama jannati shine kashi 2.4 a cikin kwanaki 100 a cikin microgravity, har ma da matakan juriya na motsa jiki. An kuma nuna cewa 'yan sama jannati suna fama da karancin abinci mai gina jiki a cikin potassium, calcium, vitamin D da kuma bitamin K saboda abincin da ake kawowa baya basu damar biyan bukatun yau da kullun.
Tsire-tsire a dabi'a suna ɗauke da bitamin da ma'adanai, kuma cin abinci mai daɗi nan da nan zai guje wa matsalar ajiya. Yin amfani da su zai zama babban ƙari ga busasshen abinci.
Dan sama jannati Scott Kelly ya shayar da zinnias da ke mutuwa a sararin samaniya a kan ISS. Ya dauki hoton bouquet na furanni a cikin Cupola a bayan duniyar duniya kuma ya raba hoton ga Instagram don ranar soyayya a cikin 2016.
Medicine
Baya ga bitamin da ma'adanai, tsire-tsire suna haɗa metabolites na biyu daban-daban. Wadannan mahadi na iya zama babban taimako wajen hana al'amurran kiwon lafiya. Misali, folate yana shiga cikin gyaran DNA, amma ana biyan buƙatunsa akan kashi 64 cikin ɗari na kwanakin jirgin. Kamar yadda telomeres, ƙarshen chromosomes, an tabbatar da cewa an canza su sosai a lokacin dogon jirage, haɓakawa a cikin folate ta hanyar sabbin tsire-tsire na iya taimakawa rage tsufa na ƙwayoyin cuta da abubuwan da suka faru na kansa.
Daga cikin wasu misalan, kayan lambu masu arziki na carotenoid na iya hana karkatar da ido ta hanyar microgravity, yayin da busasshen abinci na plum zai iya taimakawa hana asarar kasusuwa da ke haifar da radiation. Tsire-tsire da yawa suna ɗauke da antioxidants waɗanda zasu iya zama babban taimako wajen kare DNA ɗin ɗan adam daga maye gurbi da ke haifar da radiation. Duk da haka, abinci mai gina jiki bai wadatar ba kuma dole ne a samar da wasu mafita don kare 'yan sama jannati daga radiation.
Psychology
Baya ga bitamin da ma'adanai, tsire-tsire suna haɗa metabolites na biyu daban-daban
Kamar yadda keɓancewa da nisa za su haifar da matsala mai mahimmanci ga lafiyar tunanin 'yan sama jannati, abincin yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman lokuta don sauƙaƙa yanayi. Cin busasshiyar abinci a kowane abinci yana haifar da gajiyar menu kuma 'yan sama jannati sukan rage cin abinci na tsawon lokaci. Cin sabo da abinci na iya rage wannan gajiyar, ba ko kaɗan ba wajen samar da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri da nau'ikan nau'ikan na iya rage yawan gajiya.
Wani aiki mai fa'ida ga lafiyar kwakwalwar ma'aikatan shine aikin gona. An tabbatar da cewa tsire-tsire masu girma suna da tasiri mai fa'ida sosai, saboda yana iya baiwa 'yan sama jannati jin tafiya da wani yanki na duniya. Wasu nazarin sun yi ƙoƙarin nemo tsirran da ke da tasirin tunani mafi fa'ida, saboda za su iya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga lafiyar kwakwalwar ma'aikatan. Misali, strawberries na iya inganta ingantaccen martani na tunani, kamar ƙarfi da girman kai, rage ɓacin rai da damuwa yayin da coriander na iya haɓaka ingancin bacci.
Don haka, noman sararin samaniya na tushen tsiro yana da ban sha'awa akan matakin abinci mai gina jiki, tunani da likitanci. Koyaya, rashin ɗaki da yanayin girma na musamman yana iyakance adadin da zaɓin amfanin gona.
Ainihin zaɓin amfanin gona da aka yi amfani da shi zai bambanta, ya danganta da ƙa'idodin da aka bincika da filin (abinci, ilimin halin ɗan adam da magani) da aka fi so. Wasu tsire-tsire masu tsayin rai na iya zama masu dacewa, kamar alkama ko dankalin turawa, amma suna da rashin amfani da buƙatar dafawa kafin amfani. Wani abin da za a yi la'akari da shi shi ne tsarin haihuwa da yanayin pollination na tsire-tsire, saboda ba a yarda da dabbobi (irin su kwari) a cikin jirgin.
An kafa jerin abubuwan amfanin gona da za su yi girma a sararin samaniya, waɗanda aka riga aka noma wasu daga cikinsu a cikin jirgin. Marubutan sun zaɓi ma'aunin abinci mai gina jiki da agronomic azaman kayan aikin zabar su. Don haka, don tasirin tunani, ƙima daga ɗaya (min) zuwa huɗu (max) an danganta shi zuwa dandano da bayyanar amfanin gona ko ɓangaren shuka mai ci.
Tebur na amfanin gona daban-daban tare da sinadirai, likitanci, agronomic da halayen halayen halayen halayen da suka dace da dogon manufa a sararin samaniya.
Shuka tsire-tsire a cikin jirgin sama
Sarari yana ba da manyan hanyoyin damuwa guda biyu don shuke-shuke: radiation cosmic da microgravity.
Radiation yana shafar ci gaban shuka mara kyau kuma yana ƙara haɗarin maye gurbi, don haka kare tsirrai daga radiation ya kamata ya zama fifiko. Yayin da radiation za a iya ƙunshe ta amfani da gubar da/ko garkuwar ruwa, wannan yana wakiltar ƙarin taro don sanyawa a cikin kewayawa. Kyakkyawan bayani, wanda ya samo asali daga Lockheed Martin's Mars Base Camp (2018), shine amfani da ajiyar man fetur azaman garkuwar radiation.
Microgravity, a gefe guda, baya cutar da ci gaban shuka sosai, kodayake yana iya rage shi. Duk da haka, amsawar shuka ya bambanta bisa ga nau'in nau'in, kamar yadda microgravity ya shafi bayanin kwayoyin halittar shuka. An gano cewa, a cikin microgravity, tsire-tsire za su bayyana ƙarin kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da damuwa, irin su ƙwayoyin cuta masu zafi, kuma suna ƙara samar da sunadaran da ke da alaka da damuwa. Bugu da ƙari, an gano tsaba suna da nau'i daban-daban na metabolites da jinkirta germination.
Microgravity kuma yana rinjayar microenvironment na shuka, kamar rashin motsi na yanayi, haifar da wani sabon abu na yanayi da wahalar shayarwa (tare da ko ba tare da tallafi ba). Babu motsin iska a cikin sararin samaniya, don haka idan tashar da ke girma ba ta isasshe iskar gas ba duk wani iskar da masana'anta ke fitarwa zai kasance a kusa da samanta. An nuna cewa tara gaseous ethylene a kusa da ganyen tsire-tsire yana haifar da ci gaban ganye mara kyau. Sauran iskar gas, kamar carbon dioxide, da ke cikin babban taro a cikin jirgin sama, na iya yin illa ga wasu tsire-tsire. Irin wannan matsala ta taso game da shayar da shuka, don haka samar da hanyar da ba ta nutsar da tushen ba za a buƙaci.
Amsar shuka ga yanayin sararin samaniya ya fi wahalar kimantawa. Wasu fannoni na wannan mahalli, kamar ƙayyadaddun sarari, na iya jagorantar zaɓinmu zuwa nau'ikan dwarf. Duk da haka, wasu wasu al'amura kamar amsawar shuka ga microgravity sun bambanta dangane da nau'in nau'i da nau'i. Ko da yake ana buƙatar ci gaba da gwaje-gwajen, an riga an gwada takamaiman adadin tsire-tsire kuma an bayyana su waɗanda zasu iya girma a sararin samaniya kuma zamu iya amfani da su azaman tushe.
Haɓaka ɗakin shuka mai dogaro da kai wanda ke rufe duk buƙatun abinci mai gina jiki na 'yan sama jannati na iya ɗaukar shekaru da yawa amma yin amfani da ƙananan ɗakuna a matsayin ƙarin matakan da za su iya taimaka wa ma'aikatan tare da ƙarancin bitamin da abubuwan gina jiki (waɗanda aka canza a cikin fakitin abinci) da rage gajiyar abinci.
Mark Vande Hei, Shane Kimbrough, Thomas Pesquet, Akihiko Hoshide da Megan McArthur na Space X Crew-02 suna nunawa tare da girbin barkono barkono ja da kore a cikin ISS a cikin 2021 don binciken Plant-Habitat 04.
Tsarin tallafin rayuwa na bioregenerative
Cin busasshiyar abinci a kowane abinci yana haifar da gajiyar menu kuma 'yan sama jannati sukan rage cin abinci na tsawon lokaci
A cikin jirgin sama, daki yana da iyaka. Saboda haka, nasarar aikin ya dogara da tsarin sabuntawa da aka saka a cikin Tsarin Tallafawa Rayuwa (LSS) wanda zai iya sake sarrafa al'amuran da aka yi amfani da su zuwa cikin abu mai amfani. Tsarin Kula da Muhalli da Tsarin Rayuwa (ECLSS) da aka sanya a cikin tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya (ISS) yana samar da iskar oxygen da ruwa ta hanyar sake amfani da carbon dioxide da fitsari; za a buƙaci irin wannan tsarin don dogayen jiragen sama.
An haifi ra'ayin LSS na bioregenerative (BLSS) a cikin 1960s don haɗawa da samar da abinci da sake yin amfani da kayan sharar gida (misali, faecal matter) zuwa ECLSS. Ana iya amfani da BLSS tare da ƙwayoyin cuta da algae don sake sarrafa nitrogen a cikin sharar gida mai ƙarfi a koma cikin nau'in nitrogen mai amfani da tsire-tsire za su iya sha. Gwajin da ke bin wannan ƙa'idar - Madadin Tsarin Tallafin Rayuwa na Micro Ecological (MELiSSA) - Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai ta haɓaka kuma ta gudanar da ita tun shekarun 1990s.
Koyaya, yayin da muka haɗa manyan tsire-tsire a cikin BLSS, za mu buƙaci yin nazarin haɗin kai tare da sauran fasahohin kula da muhalli da ake da su, waɗanda ke wakiltar sabon ƙalubale. Ƙayyade farashi da dorewar waɗannan ƙananan tsarin samar da amfanin gona na abinci zai samar da mahimman bayanai don haɓakawa zuwa babban BLSS.
Tsarin tsari na ƙirar ƙira ta biyu na rukunin girma na bututu mai ƙarfi.
Haɓaka ɗakin girma shuka
Yin amfani da tsarin hydroponic don shuka amfanin gona abu ne mai ban sha'awa, yayin da yake shuka tsire-tsire a cikin ruwa maimakon dogara ga tsarin ƙasa. Wannan na ƙarshe yana ƙara nauyi ga jirgin da kuma haɗarin barbashi da ke yawo a kusa da su, al'amura biyu da ke sa shi rashin amfani. Cibiyar ci gaba mai girma (APH) da aka shigar a cikin ISS ta riga ta haɓaka nau'in dwarf alkama ta amfani da tsarin hydroponic tare da tsarin shayarwa mai laushi wanda aka saka a cikin tushen tushen da ke dauke da arcillite da taki mai saurin sakin jiki.
Don sauƙaƙa ayyukan ma'aikatan aikin lambu da kuma tabbatar da cewa tsire-tsire suna girma a cikin yanayi mai kyau, yanayin al'adun amfanin gona yana buƙatar kulawa ta hanyar kwamfuta. An gwada irin wannan tsarin sa ido a cikin 2018 a Antarctica. Yin amfani da wani tsari mai sarrafa kansa don shuka amfanin gona zai tabbatar da cewa ma'aikatan jirgin sun amfana daga kasancewar tsire-tsire a cikin jirgin sama (ta hanyar sarrafa su) da kuma guje wa batun noma zama mai cin lokaci mai yawa. Lallai, ɗakin da ake buƙata don shuka tsire-tsire ba a bayyana shi daidai ba kuma gwaje-gwaje da yawa a cikin yanayi-kamar sararin samaniya (kamar HI-SEAS) sun nuna cewa wannan aikin na iya yin tsayi.
An tabbatar da cewa tsire-tsire masu girma suna da tasiri mai fa'ida sosai, saboda yana iya baiwa 'yan sama jannati jin tafiya da wani yanki na duniya.
A ƙarshe, Tsarin Kayayyakin Kayan lambu na NASA, ko Veggie, (wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2014), wanda ke ba da yanki mai girma na 0.11 m², babban misali ne na rukunin tsiro da za a iya amfani da shi a cikin jirgin sama, kamar yadda aka riga an gwada shi akan jirgin. ISS. Dangane da buƙatun haske, ana amfani da LEDs tare da tsawon raƙuman ruwa daban-daban guda biyu: ja (630 nm) da shuɗi (455 nm) yayin da tsire-tsire ke girma da kyau a ƙarƙashin waɗannan tsayin raƙuman ruwa. Koren LED na iya zama larura don baiwa shukar launinta, don haka sauƙaƙe gano cututtuka da tunatar da ma'aikatan duniya.
Mizuna (Kabejin Jafananci), jajayen latas na romaine da Tokyo bekana (kabejin Sinanci) da ake girma a rukunin Veggie a cikin ISS.
Yanayin sararin samaniya yana haifar da damuwa ga mutane da tsire-tsire, don haka ƙirar tsire-tsire masu iya girma a cikin kumbon kumbo da ke taimakawa wajen rage wasu matsalolin da 'yan sama jannati ke fuskanta a halin yanzu.
An gano kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin martanin damuwa na tsire-tsire amma don rage ko rage waɗancan tasirin masana kimiyya suna buƙatar gyara maganganun ƙwayoyin halittar da ke wanzu ko ƙara ƙwayoyin halittar sararin samaniya a cikin kwayoyin halittar. Ana iya samun wannan ta amfani da gyaran kwayoyin halitta kuma an riga an gano wasu kwayoyin halittar dan takara musamman tare da yin nazari. Misali, ARG1 (Altered Response to Gravity 1), jinsin da aka sani yana shafar martanin nauyi a cikin tsire-tsire a Duniya, yana da hannu a cikin bayanin kwayoyin halitta 127 masu alaƙa da daidaitawar jirgin sama. Yawancin kwayoyin halittar da aka canza a cikin magana a cikin sararin samaniya an gano su ne Arg1-dogara, yana nuna babban matsayi ga wannan kwayar halitta a cikin daidaitawar ilimin lissafi na kwayoyin halitta marasa bambanci zuwa sararin samaniya. HsfA2 (Heat Shock Factor A2) yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan daidaitawar jirgin sama, misali ta hanyar sitaci biosynthesis. Manufar ita ce a lalata kwayoyin halitta masu haifar da damuwa da haɓaka masu amfani.
Sauran kwayoyin halitta, da ake kira kwayoyin halittar sararin samaniya, irin su kwayoyin da ke da alaka da radiation, perchlorate, dwarfism da zafin jiki na sanyi, suna da yiwuwar yin nazari saboda zasu taimaka wa tsire-tsire su tsayayya da mummunan yanayin sararin samaniya. Alal misali, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suka dace da yanayin hypersaline suna da kwayoyin halitta don juriya na UV da juriya na perchlorate. Yawancin nau'in dwarf (misali na alkama) an riga an noma su akan ISS kuma ana iya shuka tumatir 'Red Robin' a cikin ISS a matsayin wani ɓangare na gwajin Veg-05 na NASA.
Hakanan zamu iya tsara tsire-tsire don lafiyar 'yan sama jannati. Haɓaka tarin sinadarai masu fa'ida, samar da tsire-tsire gaba ɗaya da ake ci don rage ɓata lokaci, ko ƙirƙira shuke-shuken da za su samar da magungunan da ke da illa ga sararin samaniya ga 'yan sama jannati wata hanya ce ta sa tsire-tsire masu amfani ga ma'aikatan jirgin.
An yi amfani da dabarun ci gaba da jiki da Elite Plant (WBEEP) akan tsire-tsire na dankalin turawa, da sanya tushen dankalin turawa da ganyayen da ake ci ta hanyar cire solanine daga gare su. Don hana samar da shi, ko dai kwayoyin halittar da ke samar da su an rufe su ko kuma a canza su ta hanyar gyaran kwayoyin halitta. Samar da wannan dankalin turawa na WBEEP yana da fa'ida domin shuka ce da ake nomawa cikin sauƙi wanda ke da kyakkyawan tushen kuzari kuma ya tabbatar da yin girma a cikin yanayi masu wahala kamar sararin samaniya. An kuma ƙarfafa tsire-tsire don cika buƙatun sinadirai na jikin ɗan adam.
Radiation yana rinjayar ci gaban shuka mara kyau kuma yana ƙara haɗarin maye gurbi, don haka kare tsire-tsire daga radiation ya kamata ya zama fifiko.
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan lafiyar 'yan sama jannati a cikin microgravity shine asarar yawan kashi. Kasusuwan mu suna ci gaba da daidaitawa tsakanin girma da resorption, ƙyale kasusuwa su amsa ga rauni ko canje-canje a cikin motsa jiki. Bayar da lokaci a cikin microgravity yana rushe wannan ma'auni, yana karkatar da kasusuwa zuwa resorption, don haka 'yan saman jannati sun rasa yawan kashi. Ana iya magance wannan da wani magani da ake kira parathyroid hormone, ko PTH, amma yana buƙatar alluran yau da kullun kuma yana da ɗan gajeren rayuwar rayuwa, wanda ke da matsala ga dogayen jiragen sama. Don haka, latas ɗin transgenic wanda ke samar da PTH an ƙera shi.
Zana tsire-tsire masu iya girma a sararin samaniya da kuma zama masu amfani ga 'yan sama jannati har yanzu yana kan matakin farko na bincike. Duk da haka, al'amuranta suna da ban sha'awa sosai kuma duk manyan hukumomin sararin samaniya suna nazarin su. Gina ɗakin girma na shuka a cikin yanayi mara kyau na sararin samaniya har yanzu yana buƙatar aiki. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙalubalen shine ƙara ɓangaren haɓakar halittu na BLSS zuwa LSS ɗin da ya riga ya kasance. Wani ƙalubale shine buƙatar zaɓi mafi kyawun amfanin gona da za'a shuka a cikin jirgin don jure yanayin sararin samaniya da kuma ba da amfani mai mahimmanci. Amma godiya ga yaduwar ilimi a cikin kiwo, gyaran kwayoyin halitta a cikin zababbun amfanin gona zai ba su damar kara dacewa da yanayin sararin samaniya da kuma dacewa da bukatun abinci da lafiya na ma'aikatan jirgin.
Tushe: https://room.eu.com